Abstract
The influence of copper(II) concentration and speciation on the growth of Amphidinium carterae in batch culture in a modified ESAW medium was evaluated by two different experimental designs: (i) copper(II) was added to the cultures 2 h after cell inoculation and (ii) copper(II) had a 24 h pre-equilibration period in the medium before cell inoculation. To complement the biological data, the following information on the chemical/biological system was obtained: (a) computational speciation of the culture medium under chemical equilibrium conditions: (b) total and electrochemically labile copper concentrations in the culture medium during the toxicity experiments; and (c) cellular levels of copper. The labile fraction of copper was measured by potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) at a deposition potential (E d) of — 0·3 V. At this E d the dissociation of Cu-EDTA complexes was negligible. In both kinds of experiments the effects of copper were more evident after 4 days than after 7 or 10 days of exposure. W...
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