Toxicity assessment of chlorinated wastewater effluents by using transcriptome-based bioassays and Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS) analysis

Abstract

Effects of chlorination on the toxicity of wastewater effluents treated by activated sludge (AS) and submerged membrane bioreactor (S-MBRB) systems to HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells were investigated. In addition to the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays, the DNA microarray-based transcriptome analysis was performed to evaluate the change in types of biological impacts on HepG2 cells of the effluents by chlorination. Effluent organic matter (EfOM) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) were also characterized by using Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS). Although no significant induction of genotoxicity was observed by chlorination for both effluents, the chlorination elevated the cytotoxicity of AS effluent but reduced that of S-MBRB effluent. The FT-MS analyses revealed that more DBPs including nitrogenated DBPs (N-DBPs) were formed in the AS effluent than in the S-MBRB effluent by chlorination, supporting the increased cytotoxicity of AS effluent. The lower O/C ratio of S-MBRB EfOM suggests that a large number of organic molecules were detoxified by chlorination, which consequently decreased the cytotoxicity of S-MBRB effluent. Integration of all the results highlights that both cytotoxicity and biological impacts of chlorinated wastewater effluents were clearly dependent on the EfOM characteristics such as DBPs and O/C ratio, namely, on types of treatment systems.