Toxicity assessment and DNA repair kinetics in HEK293 cells exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of Glyphosate (Roundup® Control Max).

Abstract

Glyphosate is a systemic, non-selective, pre and post-emergence wide range herbicide. In 2015, IARC classified Glyphosate as "a probable carcinogenic agent for humans". The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the commercial formulation of glyphosate (Roundup® Control Max) at environmentally relevant concentrations and measure the potential effect of this herbicide over the cell capacity to repair DNA damage. HEK293 cells were exposed to 5 concentrations of Roundup® Control Max equivalent to 0.7; 7; 70; 700 and 3,500μg/L glyphosate acid, for 1, 4 and 24h. Cytotoxicity was quantified by the Trypan Blue staining method and by the MTT assay, while genotoxicity and evaluation of DNA damage repair kinetics were analyzed through the alkaline comet assay. In all treatments, cell viability was higher than 80%. The three highest glyphosate concentrations-70μg/L, 700μg/L, and 3,500μg/L-increased levels of DNA damage compared to the control at the three exposure times tested. Finally, concerning the kinetics of DNA damage repair, cells initially exposed to 3,500μg/L of glyphosate for 24h were unable to repair the breaks in DNA strands even after 4h of incubation in culture medium. The present study demonstrated for the first time that Roundup® Control Max may induce genetic damage and cause alterations in the DNA repair system in human embryonic kidney cells even at concentrations found in blood and breast milk of people exposed through residues of the herbicide in food, which values have been poorly assessed or not studied yet according to the existent literature.