Toxicity assays and in silico approach to assess the impacts of chlorine dioxide on survival, respiration and some biochemical markers of marine zooplankton

Abstract

Chlorination is the common antifouling method in desalination and power plant water intake structures to control microbial and macrofouling growth. In this study, the impacts of chlorine dioxide on toxicity, metabolic activity and biochemical markers like glutathione S-transferase and catalase enzyme activity were tested using four zooplankton species (Centropages sp., Acartia sp., Oncaea sp., and Calanus sp.) collected from the Red Sea. The zooplankton species were treated with different concentrations (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg L−1) of chlorine dioxide. Further, chlorite, the main decomposition product of chlorine dioxide, was used for molecular docking studies against glutathione S-transferase and catalase enzymes. The results indicated the LC50 range of 0.552–1.643 mg L−1 for the studied zooplankton species. The respiration rate of the zooplankton increased due to the chlorine dioxide treatment with a maximum of 0.562 μg O2 copepod h−1 in Acartia. The glutathione S-transferase and catalase enzyme activities showed elevated values in zooplankton treated with chlorine dioxide. Molecular docking of chlorite with enzymes involved in antioxidant defense activity, such as glutathione S-transferase and catalase enzyme showed weak interactions. Overall, this study yielded significant insights for understanding the effects of chlorine dioxide on the survival, metabolism, and biochemical composition of marine zooplankton.