Toxicity and Environmental Applications of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials

Abstract

Graphene can be found in pure form or as derivatives of graphene; both forms are known as graphene-based nanoparticles (GNPs). These derivatives of graphene include graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, GNP–polymer nanocomposites, and GNP–metal hybrids. These modifications of graphene nanoparticles can lead to nanomaterials or nanocomposites with different and novel properties, such as antimicrobial, adsorbent, and catalytic properties. As antimicrobials, GNPs can be used in environmental and medical applications. In environmental application, as an antimicrobial, the particles of GNPs have shown to inactivate both pure cultures and wastewater microbial communities. When using the GNPs as coatings in medical devices or water treatment membranes, the surface inhibits microbial survival and biofilm growth. Aside from antimicrobial applications, GNPs have also been used as adsorbent; owing to their large surface area and presence of functional groups. These GNPs have the ability to remove both heavy metals and organic contaminants from water. In addition, GNPs can serve as semiconductors to increase the efficiencies of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic systems, which can be used to inactivate microorganisms and degrade organic chemicals in water. The many uses and applications of GNPs will inevitably lead to their way to the environment through manufacturing byproducts and wastes, as well as weathering of commercial products containing GNP-based nanomaterials. GNPs are bioactive and they can impact the environment. While GNPs might be extremely useful, we should find a middle ground between toxicity and applications to minimize risks to the ecosystem.