Abstract
Continuous-flow toxicity tests were conducted to determine acute toxic effects of butoxy-ethanol ester (BOEE) and propylene glycol butyl ether ester (PGBEE) formulations of 2,4-D on juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead-rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). A chronic toxicity test with chinook salmon egg-to-fry was conducted to determine effects of BOEE on survival and growth. The hydrolysis in water of 2,4-D esters to 2,4-D acid was influenced by the presence of fish. Median lethal concentrations (96-hr LC50 values) indicated that PGBEE (170 to 355 μg/L) was slightly more toxic (37 to 57%) than BOEE (303 to 525 μg/L). The LC50 values also indicated that chinook salmon were generally more sensitive than steelhead-rainbow trout and that fry and smolts were equally sensitive to the 2,4-D esters. Static tests substantially underestimated BOEE toxicity when compared to dynamic tests. Based on reduced survival and growth of chinook salmon alevins and fry, the estimated maximum safe chronic exposure concentration under these test conditions is 40 μg/L BOEE.
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