Abstract
Lithium ion batteries play an increasing role in everyday life, giving power to handheld devices or being used in stationary storage solutions. Especially for medium or large scale solutions, the latter application confines a huge amount of energy within a small volume; however, increasing the hazard potential far above the common level. Furthermore, as the safety hazards of lithium ion cells have been known for years, impressively shown by several burning cars or laptops, the need for a further enhancement of the safety of these systems is rising. This manuscript presents measurements of the gas emission from lithium ion batteries in case of a malfunction for different scenarios, showing a large variety of species with mostly toxic to highly toxic properties. The measurements were carried out using a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS), photoacoustic spectroscopy, and chemical analysis. It is shown that the inflammation of a cell can be overcome, also preventing a cascading effect to neighboring cells, but giving rise to worse toxic gas emission. Furthermore, a filtration concept is presented that decreases the concentration of the emitted components significantly and promises filtration below immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) equivalent levels.
Highlights
Energy storage is one of the key topics of scientific and engineering research in order to provide a reliable concept for the power supply in the future
It can be seen that most substances appear in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) spectrum retrieved from the charcoal sample (Figure 3a), whereas far fewer components adsorb on silica (Figure 3b)
In the quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS)-spectrum, the expected composition of atmospheric air mixed with the species from the battery emission can be seen
Summary
Energy storage is one of the key topics of scientific and engineering research in order to provide a reliable concept for the power supply in the future. The technical requirements for storage technologies differ strongly depending on the specific application. Conventional battery technologies, like lead-acid batteries, do not reach the requirements in terms of power and energy density to overcome this shortage in power storage demand [2,3]. The most promising technology to solve this problem for the decades is lithium ion technology. With their advanced state of technology and the wide operation in consumer electronics, lithium ion batteries are the perfect candidate for Batteries 2016, 2, 5; doi:10.3390/batteries2010005 www.mdpi.com/journal/batteries solutions and even large scale stationary energy storage [4,5,6]
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