Abstract
The amphipod (Hyalella azteca) and zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos were used for toxicological sediment porewater testing. Porewaters from 35 sampling stations of eight streams in southern Taiwan were screened for toxic effects and their relationship with 6 metal and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentration analysis results showed that the following PAHs, naphththalene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, acenaphthalene, and the heavy metal cadmium were not detected in 35 sampling stations. The highest detection rate of 94.1% was caused by the PAHs fluoranthene and pyrene. The highest detection rate of the metal zinc was 88.6% of 35 analyzed samples. The majority of samples (88%) were classified as level tier 1 according to USEPA national sediment inventory. This indicates the probability of adverse effects on aquatic life or human health. The results of a zebrafish embryo test showed that heart rate and survival were significantly reduced with all porewater samples. Therefore, fish exposed to contaminated river conditions may be affected in their cardiovascular functions. Looking at correlations between toxic effects of metals and PAHs, we found that phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene were low, while fluorene was highly correlated with toxic effects of metals.
Highlights
IntroductionSediments are deposits on the bottom of a water body and are naturally composed of sand, clay, soil, organic matter, and other minerals [1,2]
The results of our chemical analysis from 35 porewater samples showed that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) the metal cadmium were not detected at all ampling stations, and the detection frequency naphththalene, acenaphthalene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and the of the other 22 compounds, ranging from high to low, was fluoranthene (94.29%), pyrene metal cadmium were not detected at all ampling stations, and the detection frequency of
The mortality rate of H. azteca exposed to 11 sampling stations the porewater toxicity test, and the survival rate was not significantly correlated with the
Summary
Sediments are deposits on the bottom of a water body and are naturally composed of sand, clay, soil, organic matter, and other minerals [1,2]. Sediments are a sink, reservoir, and source of pollutants that harm natural water bodies and aquatic organisms [3,4,5]. Various chemical substances accumulate in sediments, which proves toxic effects on aquatic habitats and ecosystems [6]. Sediment porewater is defined as the water occupying the space between sediment particles which constantly remains in contact with sediments
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