Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous plasticizer which is absorbed by ingestion and dermal contact; propyl paraben (PPB) inhibits the microbiome and extends the shelf life of many personal care products, whereas triclosan (TCS) is commonly found in antiseptics, disinfectants, or additives. In this work, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a biological model to assess the toxic effects of BPA, PPB, and TCS. The wild type strain, Bristol N2, was used in bioassays with the endpoints of lethality, growth, and reproduction; green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic strains with the hsp-3, hsp-4, hsp-16.2, hsp-70, sod-1, sod-4, cyp-35A4, cyp-29A2, and skn-1 genes were evaluated for their mRNA expression through fluorescence measurement; and quick Oil Red O (q ORO) was utilized to stain lipid deposits. Lethality was concentration-dependent, while TCS and PPB showed more toxicity than BPA. BPA augmented worm length, while PPB reduced it. All toxicants moderately increased the width and the width–length ratio. BPA and PPB promoted reproduction, in contrast to TCS, which diminished it. All toxicants affected the mRNA expression of genes related to cellular stress, control of reactive oxygen species, and nuclear receptor activation. Lipid accumulation occurred in exposed worms. In conclusion, BPA, PPB, and TCS alter the physiology of growth, lipid accumulation, and reproduction in C. elegans, most likely through oxidative stress mechanisms.
Highlights
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds and are called xenoestrogens because of their capability to disrupt endocrine functions by mimicking or blocking endogenous hormones [1,2]
Body length was slightly increased by Bisphenol A (BPA) but was not concentration-dependent
All the toxic chemicals moderately increased the body width, without a clear relationship with concentration, the response elicited by BPA was bimodal
Summary
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds and are called xenoestrogens because of their capability to disrupt endocrine functions by mimicking or blocking endogenous hormones [1,2]. Bisphenol A (2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane) (BPA) is widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, thermal paper, paints, water-pipes, electronic equipment, toys, packaging, bottles, medical devices, surface coatings, printing inks, flame retardants, laptops, mobile phones, electronic devices, dental sealants, and laboratory and hospital equipment, among others [5,6,7,8,9] Some of these applications were the causes of human exposure to BPA through food and drinks [10,11], or by inhalation and dermal contact [12,13,14]. BPA has been identified in house dust at concentrations between 0.2 and 17.6 μg/g, in air samples at an
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