Abstract
AbstractRegions and national economies are facing several challenges regarding raw materials. As cities and metropolitan areas are increasingly becoming hubs of economic activity, they may also play a role in addressing raw material challenges. Many eco-industrial parks are not only found in industrial areas but also in urbanised areas the concept of urban symbiosis may offer viable solutions to those challenges. Urban symbiosis builds on urban and regional metabolism and industrial symbiosis, providing a concept and analytical toolkit that can serve to develop strategies to create the more efficient use and circulation of critical raw materials (CRM), enabled by the integration of different and complex systems. This paper aims to review how urban symbiosis of CRMs has been approached and defined in the prior literature and what are the closely related concepts. One of our key interest areas is to understand what kind of roles cities can have in the urban symbiosis. Based on the results, we suggest future research topics such as exploring concrete models of collaboration and new ways of joint value creation in urban symbiosis ecosystems.KeywordsUrban symbiosisCritical raw materialsCircular citiesConceptual paper
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