Abstract
Nowadays, the railway industry is in a position where it is able to exploit the opportunities created by the IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) and enabling communication technologies under the paradigm of Internet of Trains. This review details the evolution of communication technologies since the deployment of GSM-R, describing the main alternatives and how railway requirements, specifications and recommendations have evolved over time. The advantages of the latest generation of broadband communication systems (e.g., LTE, 5G, IEEE 802.11ad) and the emergence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for the railway environment are also explained together with the strategic roadmap to ensure a smooth migration from GSM-R. Furthermore, this survey focuses on providing a holistic approach, identifying scenarios and architectures where railways could leverage better commercial IIoT capabilities. After reviewing the main industrial developments, short and medium-term IIoT-enabled services for smart railways are evaluated. Then, it is analyzed the latest research on predictive maintenance, smart infrastructure, advanced monitoring of assets, video surveillance systems, railway operations, Passenger and Freight Information Systems (PIS/FIS), train control systems, safety assurance, signaling systems, cyber security and energy efficiency. Overall, it can be stated that the aim of this article is to provide a detailed examination of the state-of-the-art of different technologies and services that will revolutionize the railway industry and will allow for confronting today challenges.
Highlights
The future of the railway industry is expected to rely upon smart transportation systems that leverage technologies over a large rail network infrastructure to reduce its life-cycle cost
The results presented by the researchers show that, in a forest scenario, the GNSS-based system does not fulfill the requirements, and that it is required a sensor fusion structure composed by on-board positioning sensors
Starting from Long Term Evolution (LTE) Release 12, the standard adds characteristics such as IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) emergency calls, Proximity Services (ProSe), PoC, GCSE, and Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (eMBMS) that will evolve LTE/LTE-A to be used as part of a broadband public safety network
Summary
The future of the railway industry is expected to rely upon smart transportation systems that leverage technologies over a large rail network infrastructure to reduce its life-cycle cost. New services, such as integrated security, asset management, and predictive maintenance, are expected to improve timely decision-making for issues like safety, scheduling, and system capacity. Smart railways represent a combination of interconnected technological solutions and components, as well as modern transportation infrastructure like automatic ticketing systems, digital displays, and smart meters Likewise, these systems require seamless high data rate wireless connectivity and integrated software solutions to optimize the usage of assets, from tracks to trains, to meet the ever-growing demand for energy-efficient and safer services. These factors include the increasing importance of sustainability, government regulations, demographics (i.e., growing traffic of passengers and freight, aging population, and rapid urbanization), macroeconomics (i.e., limited public funding and government deficit, government initiatives and partnership models), microeconomics (i.e., price sensitivity, demands for an improved passenger experience, stakeholders interests), the growing importance of smart cities, the incredible pace of telecommunications and technological change, and the need for mobility
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