Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used clinical biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. Most available techniques for PSA quantification in human fluids require extensive sample processing and expensive immunoassays that are often unavailable in developing countries. The quantification of PSA in serum is the most common practice; however, PSA is also present in human urine, although less used in diagnosis. Herein we demonstrate the use of ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems (IL-based ABS) as effective pre-treatment strategies of human urine, allowing the PSA detection and quantification by more expedite equipment in a non-invasive matrix. If properly designed, IL-based ABS afford the simultaneous extraction and concentration of PSA (at least up to 250-fold) in the IL-rich phase. The best ABS not only allow to concentrate PSA but also other forms of PSA, which can be additionally quantified, paving the way to their use in differential prostate cancer diagnosis.
Highlights
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used clinical biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer
ABS composed of GB-ILs and a biodegradable organic salt, K3C6H5O7, are here demonstrated to act as effective pre-treatment strategies of human urine by simultaneously extracting and concentrating prostate specific antigen (PSA) to the IL-rich phase
The concentration factor should occur in an order of magnitude that the cancer biomarker at the IL-rich phase is detectable using simpler and less laborious techniques, being in this work quantified by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) instead of immunoassays
Summary
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used clinical biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. We show the applicability of ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems (IL-based ABS) to simultaneously extract and concentrate PSA from human urine samples to improve PCa diagnosis and monitoring.
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