Abstract
Hybrid processing in millimeter wave (mmWave) communication has been proposed as a solution to reduce the cost and energy consumption by reducing the number of radio-frequency (RF) chains. However, the impact of the inevitable residual transceiver hardware impairments (RTHIs), including the residual additive transceiver hardware impairments (RATHIs) and the amplified thermal noise (ATN), has not been sufficiently studied in mmWave hybrid processing. In this work, the hybrid precoder and combiner are designed, which include both digital and analog processing by taking into account the RATHIs and the ATN. In particular, a thorough study is provided to shed light on the degradation of the spectral efficiency (SE) of the practical system. The outcomes show the steady degradation of the performance by the ATN across all SNR values, which becomes increasingly critical for higher values of its variance. Furthermore, it is shown that RATHIs result in degradation of the system only in the high SNR regime. Hence, their impact in mmWave system operating at low SNRs might be negligible. Moreover, an increase concerning the number of streams differentiates the impact between the transmit and receive RATHIs with the latter having a more severe effect.
Highlights
The major identified cornerstones of fifth-generation (5G) communications are millimeter wave transmission, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and small cell networks [1]
We verify the mathematical expressions by simulations, and we depict the impact of the various residual transceiver hardware impairments (RTHIs) on the spectral efficiency (SE), provided by (12)
Hybrid processing solutions are prominent in millimeter wave (mmWave) MIMO communication as they provide a balance between cost, complexity, and system performance in terms of SE
Summary
The major identified cornerstones of fifth-generation (5G) communications are millimeter wave (mmWave) transmission, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and small cell networks [1]. MmWave frequencies have attracted a lot of interest because they can grant large amounts of the unexploited spectrum which could be used for boosting the data rates. Massive MIMO systems have been proposed as a means to compensate the increased path-losses [1]. Precoding/combining is required for the realization of efficient wireless communication systems as this aids the multiplexing of data streams. Typical sub-6 GHz cellular systems apply entirely digital precoding/combining that operates at the baseband level and requires a single radio frequency (RF) chain per antenna. The large number of antennas, suggested by 5G communications, and the hardware constraints significantly increase the cost and power consumption of several components, for example, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The development of entirely digital precoding/combining mmWave deployments becomes a challenge in practice [4]
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