Abstract
This paper contributes to the existing debate on the co-location hypothesis, by devising a proximity measure and controlling for a set of other urban form measures. Utilizing the LEHD (Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics) Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) data that provide the number of jobs by a finer geography, this paper measured the degree of centralization, proximity, and job–housing mismatch. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the job–worker proximity leads to a shorter commuting time. In addition, the results focusing on suburban areas revealed that the impact of the job–worker imbalance and the impact of job–worker mismatch on the commuting time are greater in the suburb in comparison with the city center.
Highlights
The evolution of spatial structure plays a significant role in shaping interactions among decision-making agents in cities
One of the main topics of this study is to investigate how the impacts of urban form on the metropolitan commuting time can be differentiated, namely: Is commuting time mostly affected by the inner-city area? Or, is the spatial organization of the inner- or outer-suburban ring important? The existing models in general focused on the relationship between the suburbs to the city center
The main point of this study is to investigate the influence of the job–worker proximity on the commuting time—after controlling for other important factors of the metropolitan spatial structure, which are thoroughly explored in the previous sections
Summary
The evolution of spatial structure plays a significant role in shaping interactions among decision-making agents in cities. If we introduce congestion externalities into our monocentric city model, the location of residences may influence the commuting cost (Wheaton [5]) In this setting, the travel cost becomes endogenous, and the travel cost and residential density must be determined simultaneously. Timothy and Wheaton, using the U.S Census’ Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) data, estimated an earnings equation by place of work (PWPUMA), controlling for other variables that might influence the worker’s payroll—the demographic and occupational characteristics of the workers They found that wages varied from 15% to 20% between places of work, and the average wage was higher in work places located in the center of metropolitan areas. This research looks into the job–worker balance and job–worker mismatch by concentric zone (city versus suburb), and investigates the impact of the locational differential on commuting time
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