Abstract
Implementation of construction works on weak (e.g., compressible, collapsible, expansive) soils such as peatlands often is limited by logistics of equipment and shortage of available and applicable materials. If preloading or floating roads on geogrid reinforcement or piled embankments cannot be implemented, then soil stabilization is needed. Sustainable soil stabilization in an environmentally friendly way is recommended instead of applying known conventional methods such as pure cementing or excavation and a single replacement of soils. Substitution of conventional material (cement) and primary raw material (lime) with secondary raw material (waste and byproducts from industries) corresponds to the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations, preserves resources, saves energy, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Besides traditional material usage, soil stabilization is achievable through various secondary raw materials (listed according to their groups and subgroups): 1. thermally treated waste products: 1.1. ashes from agriculture production; 1.2. ashes from energy production; 1.3. ashes from various manufacturing; 1.4. ashes from waste processing; 1.5. high carbon content pyrolysis products; 2. untreated waste and new products made from secondary raw materials: 2.1. waste from municipal waste biological treatment and landfills; 2.2. waste from industries; 3. new products made from secondary raw materials: 3.1. composite materials. Efficient solutions in environmental engineering may eliminate excessive amounts of waste and support innovation in the circular economy for sustainable future.
Highlights
This article is an open access articlePeatlands cover over 4 million km2 of the earth’s area, primary providing globally significant ecological services and functions such as water storage and filtration, flood control, coal management, carbon storage and sequestration, transpiration cooling, habitat for wildlife, and recreational area
This paper aims to review the opportunities for secondary raw materials to be applied in geotechnical stabilization of peatlands as an alternative to conventional materials considering scientific studies published from 2000 to the present
The results support that blending municipal solid waste (MSW) bottom ashes with natural and recycled aggregates may serve as a practical engineering control to mitigate environmentally leached and total concentrations of potentially toxic and harmful elements [152,153]
Summary
Peatlands cover over 4 million km of the earth’s area, primary providing globally significant ecological services and functions such as water storage and filtration, flood control, coal (peat) management, carbon storage and sequestration, transpiration cooling, habitat for wildlife, and recreational area. Peatlands cover over 4 million km of the earth’s area, primary providing globally significant ecological services and functions such as water storage and filtration, 2flood of 24 control, coal (peat) management, carbon storage and sequestration, transpiration cooling, habitat for wildlife, and recreational area. Even though the most considerable areas are concentrated in the northern northern regions regions (Figure (Figure 1), the. 1), peatlands peatlands are are widespread widespread from from subarctic subarctic to toequatorial equatorial zones. Not not all all peatlands peatlands may zones. According to the Food and Agriculture definitions and specifics of classification [4,6,7].
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