Abstract
Due to the advantage of avoiding upstream disturbance and voltage fluctuation from a power transmission system, Islanded Micro-Grids (IMG) have attracted much attention. In this paper, we first propose a novel self-sufficient Cyber-Physical System (CPS) supported by Internet of Things (IoT) techniques, namely “archipelago micro-grid (MG)”, which integrates the power grid and sensor networks to make the grid operation effective and is comprised of multiple MGs while disconnected with the utility grid. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) are used to replace a portion of Conventional Vehicles (CVs) to reduce CO emission and operation cost. Nonetheless, the intermittent nature and uncertainty of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) remain a challenging issue in managing energy resources in the system. To address these issues, we formalize the optimal EV penetration problem as a two-stage Stochastic Optimal Penetration (SOP) model, which aims to minimize the emission and operation cost in the system. Uncertainties coming from RESs (e.g., wind, solar, and load demand) are considered in the stochastic model and random parameters to represent those uncertainties are captured by the Monte Carlo-based method. To enable the reasonable deployment of EVs in each MGs, we develop two scheduling schemes, namely Unlimited Coordinated Scheme (UCS) and Limited Coordinated Scheme (LCS), respectively. An extensive simulation study based on a modified 9 bus system with three MGs has been carried out to show the effectiveness of our proposed schemes. The evaluation data indicates that our proposed strategy can reduce both the environmental pollution created by CO emissions and operation costs in UCS and LCS.
Highlights
With the development of the smart grid, microgrids (MGs) are becoming miniaturized, independent and community-based continuously
In order to refrain from the voltage fluctuations and upstream disturbances caused by the utility grid, while increasing the reliability of local MGs, we propose the concept of an independent and self-sufficient system, called “archipelago microgrid”
We have addressed the optimal Electric Vehicles (EVs) penetration issue in a novel “archipelago microgrid” system
Summary
With the development of the smart grid, microgrids (MGs) are becoming miniaturized, independent and community-based continuously. With the integration of EVs in IMG, effective scheduling schemes are required to help smooth the load curve and reduce the environmental emissions. In the proposed IMG, we formalize the optimal scheduling problem, which aims to minimize the emission and operation cost by arranging the rational charging/discharging plan and deploying a reasonable number of EVs while considering various uncertainties. Peak load limits and residence preference of energy usage should be considered in practice To this end, we propose the LCS to achieve a more realistic number of penetrated EVs to minimize the total cost. The simulation results shows that, after addressing uncertainties, the emissions and operation cost are reduced in comparison with the deterministic-based optimization model.
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