Abstract
As vehicle automation advances, drivers of automated vehicles become more disengaged from the primary driving task. Windshield displays provide a large screen space supporting drivers in non-driving related activities. This article presents user preferences as well as task and safety issues for 3D augmented reality windshield displays in automated driving. Participants of a user study (n = 24) customized two modes of content presentation (multiple content-specific windows vs. one main window), and could freely adjust visual parameters for these content windows using a simulated “ideal” windshield display in a virtual reality driving simulator. We found that user preferences differ with respect to contextual aspects. Additionally, using one main content window resulted in better task performance and lower take-over times, but the subjective user experience was higher for the multi-window user interface. These findings help automotive interface designers to improve experiences in automated vehicles.
Highlights
Today, drivers perform more and more activities while driving, such as the primary driving task as well as engaging with the vehicle’s infotainment system (Kern and Schmidt, 2009)
We present a detailed analysis of the collected data with respect to our research questions
The overview of the personalized windshield displays (WSDs) window properties for both conditions is provided in Table 1, where both the mean values and standard deviations are provided for each metric
Summary
Drivers perform more and more activities while driving, such as the primary driving task as well as engaging with the vehicle’s infotainment system (e.g., operating the music player, accessing navigation data, checking vehicle information) (Kern and Schmidt, 2009). Windshield displays (WSDs) extend HUDs to the entire windscreen, providing an even larger viewing and interaction area, thereby making this display type suitable for visualizing world-fixed navigation information (Fu et al, 2013), presenting nearby points of interest (POIs) (Häuslschmid et al, 2015), and enabling in-vehicle work, entertainment, Personalized Augmented Reality Windshield Displays and social interaction activities (Riegler et al, 2018), among others. Another potential of WSDs is to improve user trust and acceptance in AVs by increasing their system transparency (Wintersberger et al, 2017b). Adaptive automotive UIs are challenging, as drivers of SAE level 3 (L3) and level 4 (L4) conditionally AVs may choose to place content in a way that emphasizes entertainment functions, for example, such a layout may be considered unsafe for handing over control to the driver in case of emergencies
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