Abstract
Lipids of human milk or infant formula convey most of the energy necessary to support the newborn growth. Until recently, infant formula chemical composition had been optimized but not their structure. And yet, more and more proofs of evidence have shown that lipids structure in human milk modulates digestion kinetics and is involved in metabolic programming. Indeed there is a striking difference of structure between human milk which is an emulsion based on dispersed milk fat globules (4 μm) secreted by the mammary gland and submicronic neoformed lipid droplets (0.5 μm) found in infant formula. These droplets result from a series of operation units. This difference of structure modifies digestion kinetics and emulsion disintegration in the intestinal tract of the newborn. This difference persists along gastric phase which is mainly dominated by acid and enzyme-induced aggregation. Lipid droplets size is thus the key parameter to control gastric lipolysis and emptying and intestinal lipolysis. This parameter also controls proteolysis since adsorbed proteins are more rapidly hydrolyzed than when in solution. In animal models, these differences of lipid structure would also impact digestive and immune systems' maturation and microbiota. Lipid structure during neonatal period would also be involved in the early programming of adipose tissues and metabolism. The supplementation of infant formulas with bovine milk fractions (milk fat globule membrane extracts, triacylglycerol) or recent development of large droplets infant formula, along with new fields of innovation in neonatal nutrition, are here reviewed.
Highlights
Human milk (HM) chemical composition was established for the first time in 1838 (Cone, 1981)
The intervention strategy and Milk fat globules (MFG) membrane (MFGM) concentrates added are still too heterogeneous, these results provide evidence of the beneficial effects of individual components of MFGM
In an in vivo study on the preterm newborn, Armand et al (1996) reported higher gastric lipolysis levels in HM compared with infant formula (IF), with values around ∼17% and 9% at 30 min, respectively. These results suggested a lower accessibility of human gastric lipase (HGL) to the TG core in the droplet of IF compared to HM, which was justified by the differences on the quality of the interface
Summary
Human milk (HM) chemical composition was established for the first time in 1838 (Cone, 1981). The administration during the neonatal period (from day 16 to 42) of this Nuturis® formula in mice, followed by a western diet challenge, resulted during adulthood to lower fat accumulation, lower fasting plasma leptin, resistin, glucose and lipid (TG and total cholesterol) than in the group fed conventional formula (Oosting et al, 2012). The mechanisms underlying this nutritional programming effects of Nuturis® remained at this stage unclear and very likely plurifactorial. In a further study (Oosting et al, 2014), still using a very close design study in mice, it was shown
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