Abstract
JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station) is a two-dimensional hybrid pixel detector for photon science applications at free-electron lasers and synchrotron light sources. The JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype presented here is specifically geared towards low-noise performance and hence soft X-ray detection. The design, geometry and readout architecture of JUNGFRAU 0.4 correspond to those of other JUNGFRAU pixel detectors, which are charge-integrating detectors with 75 µm × 75 µm pixels. Main characteristics of JUNGFRAU 0.4 are its fixed gain and r.m.s. noise of as low as 27 e(-) electronic noise charge (<100 eV) with no active cooling. The 48 × 48 pixels JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype can be combined with a charge-sharing suppression mask directly placed on the sensor, which keeps photons from hitting the charge-sharing regions of the pixels. The mask consists of a 150 µm tungsten sheet, in which 28 µm-diameter holes are laser-drilled. The mask is aligned with the pixels. The noise and gain characterization, and single-photon detection as low as 1.2 keV are shown. The performance of JUNGFRAU 0.4 without the mask and also in the charge-sharing suppression configuration (with the mask, with a `software mask' or a `cluster finding' algorithm) is tested, compared and evaluated, in particular with respect to the removal of the charge-sharing contribution in the spectra, the detection efficiency and the photon rate capability. Energy-dispersive and imaging experiments with fluorescence X-ray irradiation from an X-ray tube and a synchrotron light source are successfully demonstrated with an r.m.s. energy resolution of 20% (no mask) and 14% (with the mask) at 1.2 keV and of 5% at 13.3 keV. The performance evaluation of the JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype suggests that this detection system could be the starting point for a future detector development effort for either applications in the soft X-ray energy regime or for an energy-dispersive detection system.
Highlights
New generations of X-ray sources, both free-electron lasers and synchrotrons, are currently being designed, built and commissioned or upgraded (Patterson et al, 2010; Pile, 2011; Arthur et al, 1995, 2012; EU-X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL), 2015; Admans et al, 2014; Ehrlichman et al, 2014)
Geometrical requirements range from two-dimensional detection systems, small pixel sizes of the order of less than 100 mm [similar to state-of-the-art photon-counting detectors and towards charge-coupled device (CCD) pixel sizes] to modular, tilable, vacuum-compatible imaging detectors
The manuscript concludes by highlighting the capabilities added by this new detection system and provides an outlook on future opportunities for lowenergy or energy-dispersive detectors based on JUNGFRAU 0.4 (x6)
Summary
New generations of X-ray sources, both free-electron lasers and synchrotrons, are currently being designed, built and commissioned or upgraded (Patterson et al, 2010; Pile, 2011; Arthur et al, 1995, 2012; EU-XFEL, 2015; Admans et al, 2014; Ehrlichman et al, 2014). MO NCH 0.3 (Dinapoli et al, 2014) is a hybrid pixel detector with 400  400 pixels of 25 mm  25 mm each (10 mm  10 mm active area), which features 30 eÀ noise (for MO NCH 0.2) (Bergamaschi et al, 2015), a $ 6 kHz readout rate and a very high spatial resolution of a few micrometers via offline analysis of the charge-sharing clouds Besides these general purpose detector developments, a few dedicated energy-dispersive systems aim to advance fluorescence/elemental spectroscopy and microscopy applications at existing and future synchrotron and XFEL beamlines (Siddons et al, 2014; Kenny, 2015). The manuscript concludes by highlighting the capabilities added by this new detection system and provides an outlook on future opportunities for lowenergy or energy-dispersive detectors based on JUNGFRAU 0.4 (x6)
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