Towards Housing First and harm reduction: addressing opioid dependence and homelessness in Tshwane during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Pandemics can increase mortality and drug-related harms among people experiencing homelessness. The Housing First approach prioritises housing and service access. Harm reduction, a principle of Housing First, minimises the consequences of drug use. This chapter presents lessons learnt from the application of Housing First and harm reduction principles with homeless people in Tshwane, South Africa, between April 2020 and March 2021. Quantitative service delivery data were retrospectively reviewed and analysed using descriptive statistics. Accounts by authors who participated in the COVID-19 response were collectively discussed in relation to the Housing First and harm reduction actors and process. Issues were synthesised in relation to two six-month periods. A task team was established to co-ordinate Tshwane’s response. In the first six months, 1 440 temporary bed-spaces were created at 25 shelters, and 2 066 people at shelters received food, social support and on-site healthcare services. Across shelters, 1 076 residents were started on methadone to manage opioid withdrawal. By the second six-month period, many gains were lost. Changes in political leadership stalled plans to reintegrate people housed in temporary shelters, and reduced funding led to shelter closures. By April 2021, more shelters operated than in pre- COVID-19 times, harm reduction capacitation for shelter staff continued, and local government committed to establish a street homelessness unit. Through a combination of funding and collaboration, progress was made towards Housing First and harm reduction for homeless people in Tshwane. A national policy on homelessness should be developed, funded and implemented. This should be informed by additional research, developed in partnership with affected populations, and built on a common understanding of Housing First and harm reduction.