Abstract
Lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) has demonstrated promising performance as a cathode material in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), by overcoming the rate performance issues from limited electronic conductivity. Nano-sized vanadium-doped LFP (V-LFP) was synthesized using a continuous hydrothermal process using supercritical water as a reagent. The atomic % of dopant determined the particle shape. 5 at. % gave mixed plate and rod-like morphology, showing optimal electrochemical performance and good rate properties vs. Li. Specific capacities of >160 mAh g−1 were achieved. In order to increase the capacity of a full cell, V-LFP was cycled against an inexpensive micron-sized metallurgical grade Si-containing anode. This electrode was capable of reversible capacities of approximately 2000 mAh g−1 for over 150 cycles vs. Li, with improved performance resulting from the incorporation of few layer graphene (FLG) to enhance conductivity, tensile behaviour and thus, the composite stability. The cathode material synthesis and electrode formulation are scalable, inexpensive and are suitable for the fabrication of larger format cells suited to grid and transport applications.
Highlights
In terms of advancing cathode material performance, olivine lithium iron phosphate (LFP) based nanomaterials have demonstrated superior power performance, thermal stability, cycle life and are considered relatively environmentally benign, compared with other known Li-insertion compounds such as manganese-spinel[8]
The Continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) process is scalable as reported by some authors[20,21], where production of ZnO has been successfully scaled up by a factor of 40 with little change observed in the crystallite size[21]
The cells exhibited relatively low coulombic efficiency, and this contributed to capacity fade and limited capacity retention during cycling in full cells
Summary
This value is slightly less than the value for pure undoped LFP (170 mAh g−1) because it only assumes the Fe and not the V is electrochemically active in this case
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