Abstract
Increasingly stringent environmental regulations have stimulated chemical manufacturers to develop alternative technologies that produce a minimum amount (preferably zero) of waste and avoid, as much as possible, the use of toxic and/or hazardous reagents and solvents [1–4]. Emphasis is clearly on the reduction of waste at source — primary pollution prevention — rather than incremental end-of-pipe solutions. Sustainable development and benign by design are the catch phrases that paraphrase this trend towards ‘green chemistry’ [5, 6]. Consequently, traditional concepts of process efficiency are changing from an exclusive focus on chemical yield to one that assigns economic value to eliminating waste.
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