Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food production sectors and has great potential for food security and livelihoods. However, it generates concerning consequences for the environment, including chemical and biological pollution, disease outbreaks, unsustainable feeds and competition for coastal space. Recent investigations are focusing on sustainable techniques (e.g., polyculture, offshore facilities) to improve the relationship between the industry, environment and society. This review provides an overview of the main factors of ecological concern within marine finfish aquaculture, their interactions with the environment, and highlights sustainable alternatives that are currently in use or development. Adequate environmental monitoring and location of farms, the reduction and exploitation of wastes and chemicals being used is crucial to ensure the growth and continuity of aquaculture production.
Highlights
Aquaculture can be traced back as far as 4000 years in Egypt (Chimits, 1957) and more than 2000 years in China (Beveridge and Little, 2002; Edwards, 2004; Lu and Li, 2006) and Europe (Beveridge and Little, 2002; Buschmann and Muñoz, 2019)
The effects of marine aquaculture on the surrounding environments may be limited to a minimum. To establish these limits, monitoring data are needed at different levels of organization, so that, ecological changes can be detected and Ecological Quality Standards can be defined and included within an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Telfer and Beveridge, 2001; Holmer et al, 2008)
The Before and After Control Impact (BACI) method depends on the preoperational study and requires choosing control sites arbitrarily and assumes the control and impact sites to be similar before the impact
Summary
Aquaculture can be traced back as far as 4000 years in Egypt (Chimits, 1957) and more than 2000 years in China (Beveridge and Little, 2002; Edwards, 2004; Lu and Li, 2006) and Europe (Beveridge and Little, 2002; Buschmann and Muñoz, 2019). The control of the main marine aquaculture production by multinational companies helps the development of environmental regulations and technological breakthroughs, improves feeding techniques by reducing feed losses, and decreases the usage of antibiotics by the increasing utilization of vaccines (Føre et al, 2018) These regulations are mainly based on the economically dominant type of fish farming; net cages on protected coasts. The effects of marine aquaculture on the surrounding environments (especially in open production systems) may be limited to a minimum To establish these limits, monitoring data are needed at different levels of organization, so that, ecological changes can be detected and Ecological Quality Standards can be defined and included within an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Telfer and Beveridge, 2001; Holmer et al, 2008).
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