Abstract
The densification of multiple wireless communication systems that coexist nowadays, as well as the 5G new generation cellular systems advent towards the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, give rise to complex context-aware scenarios with high-node density heterogeneous networks. In this work, a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure assessment from an empirical and modeling approach for a large, complex indoor setting with high node density and traffic is presented. For that purpose, an intensive and comprehensive in-depth RF-EMF E-field characterization study is provided in a public library study case, considering dense personal mobile communications (5G FR2 @28 GHz) and wireless 802.11ay (@60 GHz) data access services on the mmWave frequency range. By means of an enhanced in-house deterministic 3D ray launching (3D-RL) simulation tool for RF-EMF exposure assessment, different complex heterogenous scenarios of high complexity are assessed in realistic operation conditions, considering different user distributions and densities. The use of directive antennas and MIMO beamforming techniques, as well as all the corresponding features in terms of radio wave propagation, such as the body shielding effect, dispersive material properties of obstacles, the impact of the distribution of scatterers and the associated electromagnetic propagation phenomena, are considered for simulation. Discussion regarding the contribution and impact of the coexistence of multiple heterogeneous networks and services is presented, verifying compliance with the current established international regulation limits with exposure levels far below the aforementioned limits. Finally, the proposed simulation technique is validated with a complete empirical campaign of measurements, showing good agreement. In consequence, the obtained datasets and simulation estimations, along with the proposed RF-EMF simulation tool, could be a reference approach for the design, deployment and exposure assessment of the current and future wireless communication technologies on the mmWave spectrum, where massive high-node density heterogeneous networks are expected.
Highlights
5G New Radio (5G-NR) benefits from a high flexibility level in several domains, such as the time domain (i.e., variable Time Division Duplex (TDD) schemes), frequency domain, spatial domain (i.e., high adaptability in the implementation of beam sweeping or Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output (MUMIMO) technology) and scalable numerology in order to optimize the usage of temporal and spatial resources in the communication channel
The advantages of 5G networks are well-discussed in the literature [4,5], and there is no doubt about the need for faster and more reliable wireless communication system deployments, with broadband data access in crowded locations
A step further is proposed in order to analyze an electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment in a crowded indoor complex environment where 5G-FR2 and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 802.11ay wireless communication systems operating at 28 and 60 GHz, respectively, coexist
Summary
Generations, allowing the possibility to deliver gigabit per second (Gb/s) wireless services This significant increase in traffic data has been conceived to cover multiple usage scenarios, from enhanced mobile broadband to ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), going through massive Internet of Things (IoT) connections. At the same time, the implementation of mmWave new technologies has increased the population concern over the possible impact on health and safety arising from the radiated electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure by these systems This concern has led to the requirement of having accurate EMF simulation and measurement techniques to analyze the radiation exposure in the current and future wireless crowded scenarios. These techniques can verify compliance or not with the regulations from the point of view of radioelectric exposure of nonionizing radiation
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