Towards Efficient Implementation of Lattice-Based Public-Key Encryption on Modern CPUs

Abstract

Lattice-based cryptography is considered as a main candidate for post-quantum cryptosystems. Its security is based on worst-case computational assumptions in lattices that remain hard even for quantum computers. In this paper, we present an efficient software implementation of lattice based Ring-LWE public key encryption scheme, which optimizes the two basic building blocks: multiplication over polynomial rings and discrete Gaussian sampling. We exploit the number theoretic transform (NTT) to speed up polynomial multiplication over rings and propose an optimized single instruction multiple data (SIMD) based implementation of NTT. It takes 1965/4411 clock cycles to perform a transform with 256/512 elements. Our implementation can save about 75% memory accesses and more than 51% modulo q operations during NTT computation. On the other hand, we propose an efficient implementation of high precision discrete Gaussian sampler, which is based on the inverse of the cumulative distribution function. Our implementation has maximum statistical distance of 2-90 to a theoretical discrete Gaussian distribution. It takes on average 15.4 ns and 9.5 uniformly random bits to generate a Gaussian sample. With these optimizations, our implementation of the public key encryption scheme performs encryption/decryption operations in 15.88/2.37 µs for medium security and 31.30/4.59 µs for high security on one core of an Intel Core i7-4771 processor. Its throughput is higher than the existing software implementation by about two orders of magnitude, and it is even higher than all the hardware implementations.