Abstract
We developed an approach for determining distances between carbon nanoparticles and grafted paramagnetic ions and molecules by means of nuclear spin–lattice relaxation data. The approach was applied to copper-, cobalt- and gadolinium-grafted nanodiamonds, iron-grafted graphenes, manganese-grafted graphene oxide and activated carbon fibers that adsorb paramagnetic oxygen molecules. Our findings show that the aforementioned distances vary in the range of 2.7–5.4 Å and that the fixation of paramagnetic ions to nanoparticles is most likely implemented by means of the surface functional groups. The nuclear magnetic resonance data data are compared with the results of electron paramagnetic resonance measurements and density functional theory calculations.
Highlights
In the last decades, low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, nanotubes, nanodiamonds, onions and graphene have attracted significant attention from the scientific community due to their unique electronic, optical, thermal, mechanical and chemical properties
We developed an approach for determining distances between carbon nanoparticles and grafted paramagnetic ions and molecules by means of nuclear spin–lattice relaxation data
We developed an approach for determining distances between carbon nanoparticles of different geometry and grafted paramagnetic ions and molecules using the data of solid-state nuclear spin–lattice relaxation
Summary
Low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, nanotubes, nanodiamonds, onions and graphene have attracted significant attention from the scientific community due to their unique electronic, optical, thermal, mechanical and chemical properties. Grafting of transition and rare-earth metal ions to the surface of these nanoparticles promises a great potential in a variety of applications from catalysis to spintronics, nanomagnetic devices and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] The latter item means a paramagnetic metal complex with several coordination sites available for water molecules to interact with the unpaired electrons of the paramagnetic ion, which results in a reduction of the proton spin–lattice relaxation time and in a relatively high water proton relaxivity of this complex in aqueous solution. The NMR data are compared with the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations
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