Abstract
Biomass energy, contributing to about 80% of the total energy supply, is considered an important energy source in Madagascar. Although around 80% of energy use comes from biomass energy, the current application method of biomass in Madagascar is still in the earliest stage, which is not safe and sustainable. This is because the main form of biomass energy used in Madagascar is still solid charcoal and wood, and the technology is limited. Thus, it is necessary to search for better ways to utilize biomass energy in Madagascar because of high prices of traditional energy carriers and massive environmental pollution. This paper reviews the following: (1) a variety of available biomass wastes for energy in Madagascar including farming residuals, animal wastes, and forest wastes, as well as urban and industrial organic wastes; (2) advanced technologies, such as gasification, torrefaction, and fermentation, that can convert these wastes to biomass energy in forms with higher energy efficiency such as biogas, biocoal briquette, and ethanol fuel, which can not only help to achieve resource utilization of wastes and circular economy but also ease the energy crisis faced by Madagascar; and (3) Madagascar focused on the development of biomass energy with strategic policies and programs. International assistance also contributes to future promotion of biomass energy. It identifies several areas where research is urgently required to adopt instrumental policies to ensure that both rural development objectives and renewable energy targets are met with financial support from the government and international assistance.
Highlights
Energy security and declining of fossil fuel resources have led to several environmental problems and have attracted widespread concerns from many economies around the globe, both developing and developed [1, 2]
It is clear that Madagascar has very rich raw materials for waste conversion to biomass energy through some modern technologies. is section briefly introduces several biomass energy conversion technologies, including gasification, torrefaction, and fermentation, that can be used in Madagascar
Gasification refers to the transformation process in which the pyrolysis of biomass wastes produces combustible gas combined with CO, H2, or CH4, through thermal chemical reaction under the condition of high temperature and hypoxia [54]
Summary
Energy security and declining of fossil fuel resources have led to several environmental problems and have attracted widespread concerns from many economies around the globe, both developing and developed [1, 2]. Biomass energy can be produced from various biomass stocks including forest, agricultural products, livestock, crops, and organic wastes [5,6,7]. It is a renewable source of clean energy containing a complicated mix of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. Application of advanced biomass technology promotes the future utilization of biomass energy [24,25,26]. E objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of applying advanced technologies for conversion of waste to biomass energy and biomass electricity generation in Madagascar.
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