Abstract
The authors report 6 experiments that examined the contention that an end-of-day review could lead to augmentation in human memory. In Experiment 1, participants in the study phase were presented with a campus tour of different to-be-remembered objects in different university locations. Each to-be-remembered object was presented with an associated specific comment. Participants were then shown the location name and photographs of half of the objects from half of the locations, and they were asked to try to name the object and recall the associated comment specific to each item. Following a filled delay, participants were presented with the name of each campus location and were asked to free recall the to-be-remembered objects. Relative to the recall from the unpracticed location categories, participants recalled the names of significantly more objects that they practiced (retrieval practice) and significantly fewer unpracticed objects from the practiced locations (retrieval-induced forgetting, RIF). These findings were replicated in Experiment 2 using a campus scavenger hunt in which participants selected their own stimuli from experimenter’s categories. Following an examination of factors that maximized the effects of RIF and retrieval practice in the laboratory (Experiment 3), the authors applied these findings to the campus scavenger hunt task to create different retrieval practice schedules to maximize and minimize recall of items based on experimenter-selected (Experiment 4) and participant-selected items using both category-cued free recall (Experiment 5) and item-specific cues (Experiment 6). Their findings support the claim that an interactive, end-of-day review could lead to augmentation in human memory.
Highlights
It is self-evident that we do not effectively encode all of the information that we encounter, nor can we retrieve all of the encoded content at will
When participants were given a campus tour and shown images of half of the to-beremembered objects from half of the campus locations, the requirement to try to recollect the associated comments to each object led to the subsequent increase in later recall of the practiced items and the subsequent reduction in later recall of the unreviewed objects from the related locations, relative to the recall of items from unreviewed locations
This set of findings strongly suggest that both retrieval practice and retrieval induced forgetting (RIF) effects can be elicited in the real world through the review of captured data using smartphone or lifelogging digital technologies
Summary
This was done as a filled interval, while the other participants, who were assigned to the retrieval practice group, took part in the retrieval practice session These participants were presented with three of the six stock images from one of the filler locations and from four of the eight experimental locations. Each stock image was presented for 10 s, together with the name of its location and the first two-letters as a cue They may see a stock image of the printer in the library, with the text: “Library Pr___” and the participants’ task was to recall aloud the item and the associated item-specific comment that they had been told during the study phase. The users’ review and experiences of the different technologies are reported elsewhere (Niforatos, Cinel, Mack, Langheinrich, & Ward, 2017), but we took advantage of testing all the participants immediately upon their return on a delayed final memory test, using exactly the same procedure as the final recall test
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