Abstract
Existing studies on public policy and ethnicity either included only one of the three main non-class cleavages in society - racial (phenotypical), linguistic, religious - or considered them as separate variables. This paper suggests that they should be regarded as different manifestations of one single characteristic of differentiation, for to treat these different ethnic markers as separate variables or to employ one to the exclusion of the others regardless of the peculiarities of individual countries, forged especially by their specific historical geography and degree of intensity, inevitably leads to mismeasurement of the degree of fragmentation. Nevertheless, the inadequacy of such a measure of fragmentation needs to be recognized not only due to the crosscutting or mutually reinforcing nature of cleavages, but also to the existence of other non-ethnic social variables that either contribute to the institutional complexity of the social environment in which the fragmentation functions or by themselves directly affect the degree of fractionalization.
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