Abstract
This article hinges on a complex and interdisciplinary field of study named “Philosophy of Human Technology” in which a first non-exhaustive map of ethical, legal and social, technological issues is presented: Technologies constitute, magnify, amplify human experiences, but can also enslave or put human experience and life at risk for example what concerns the right to a “private Life”. The second part of this paper proposes to think three possible interfaces of the topic of Human Cognitive Enhancement. Firstly the Body-electronic interface such as in the organ-on a chip simulation of an externalized human organ function, secondly the optogenetic and general genetic “editing” interface in which new technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 open up questions for the future of human beings and our self-determination. Third -and more explicitly- the virtual-immersive interface, exemplified by cognitive enhancement by Avatar schizophrenia therapy and uncanny valley effects of digital body doubles will be introduced. The classic rubber-hand illusion had brought new insights into the plasticity of the body- image and the embodiment of the self, by underlining the strong influence of exteroception for the transformation of the bodily self. We will follow these thoughts on Avatar enhancements in schizophrenia therapy and scrutinize as well research ethical issues. Finally a short outlook on the question of two different types of technological detachment in tension in a Philosophy of Human Technology in which Cognitive Enhancement technologies are subjected to two types of technological detachments a) material/somatic substitution and b) detachment as a topos of independence and autonomy is hinted on.
Highlights
Introduction to Dataveillence and InformationPrivacy, and Definition of Terms.http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/Intro.html>.Acesso em: 7 de mar. 2016.CONG, L. et al “Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems” Science, v. 339, n. 6121, p. 819-823, 2013.COUNCIL OF EUROPE, General DataProtection Regulation (8th of April 2016).http://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?ur i=CELEX:52016AG0006(01)&from=EN>.Acesso em: 10 de mai. 2016.Deleuzian& Guattarian concept of Bodies without Organs (DELEUZE), G
Conceiving a common framework of the weighing processes of evaluating Cognitive enhancement for an epistemology and a philosophy of technology emerging from Cognitive Enhancement, relating biomedical questions with technological tools, comparing enhancing processes in invasive, non-invasive modes in relation to disorders and the healthy I concentrate on three interfaces: (1) the bodily (Neurophysiologic and bio)-electronic (2) the bio-genetic interface for example in „genetic“ manipulation of brain cells or „radical enhancement“ (AGAR, 2009) methods by interfering into the make-up of cells in bioengineered neurotechnologies e.g. optogenetics or by tools as CRISPR/Cas 9 (3) and the virtual-immersive interface
New problems arise defining us as human persons coming up from [I] bodyelectronic interface such as in (1) brain to brain interfacing, (2) neural grafting, neuro-prosthetics as transplants/implants with electronic, cellular, genetic or molecular types and [II] the genetic interface such as in (3) genomic repair, e.g. in „genome surgery“ (REICH et al, 2015) and that prospectively evaluate futures of humanity in relation to (4) genomic „editing“ in which Human germ-line modifications and the technical non-expansive possibility of genome transformation technologies (CRISPR/Cat9, TALENs, ZFNs) redraw the ethical threshold not between somatic vs. germ-line modifications but between gene repair to gene enhancements
Summary
A Philosophy of Human Technology should be aware of the present and future overspecialization of Technologies that influence the separation of a few direct powerful technological players and the many human beings that are affected by the technological developments inside complex growing self-conditioning productions of the techno-human condition (HÖRL, 2011). Hereby more questions arise about (e) Cognitive Liberty (SENTENTIA, 2004; BUBLITZ; MERKEL, 2014) and Freedom of Thought (BUBLITZ, 2015) and action, as well as human selfdetermination and autonomy (f) Safety issues, (g) Equitable Access/ Technological Inclusion or (h) Justice and state of law issues and (i) human self-definition, self-image and future (strategic) visions of being human, societies and their values These complex issues in Philosophy of Human Technology call for a scrutinizing of emerging technologies in their transformative potential for human beings, life and human fundamental rights and freedoms, in the sense of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in the spirit of the Declaration of ROME on RRI (2014) and an amplification of the OVIEDO Convention (1997) of Human Rights - with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine as fields challenging human fundamental rights and liberties, and to take into account other techno- and dataintensive sciences and the technological transformations given in convergent and emergent technologies. Belongs- and designing/making human beings or extreme extension of life-span, or the supposed event of (nonhuman) “super-intelligence”, pervasive (and wireless) direct brain-tobrain communication/manipulation, or ideological teleology - accounts of human beings such as normative, and even esoteric visions of “pos-humanity” or/and “mind uploading” (cf. critically AGAR, 2009), “brain emulation” scenarios (BOSTROM, 2014), reanimating of EEGdead brains by stem cell peptide injections (SANDBERG, 2016), or implanting of the human brain onto a robotic entity (e.g. “Humai”) as “transcending the human body by robotics” (HUMAITECH, 2016)
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