Towards a novel set of GPS‐derived metrics to identify the differences between mobility patterns of cognitively intact older adults and older adults with dementia

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundMaintaining an active lifestyle and participating in social activities are key components of healthy ageing. These components rely on the individuals’ ability to remain mobile out of home. The global positioning system (GPS) is increasingly used to assess outdoor mobility of older adults. However, there is a gap in establishing a framework that recognizes the differences between mobility patterns of cognitively intact older adults and older adults with dementia (OAwD). We propose a set of GPS‐derived metrics to identify these differences, which can be used to evaluate changes in mobility patterns of OAwD over time.MethodWe analyzed the mobility profiles of 15 older adults from the greater Toronto area using GPS technology. Participants were aged between 65 and 90 years (M=74.9, SD=7.05) and were either cognitively healthy (n = 8) or diagnosed with dementia (n = 7). First, we created GPS‐based features representing different dimensions of outdoor mobility. These features include (1) the typical distance covered by individuals, (2) randomness of the travel patterns, (3) the spatial variation of the GPS locations, (4) the number of distinct stops visited per day, (5) the number of daily trips away from home, (6) the score of three levels of outdoor life‐space, and (7) the maximum distance travelled from home. Then, we used Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) with Random Forest (RF) to select the most important mobility features with respect to cognitive status.ResultA total of 55,580 GPS points were collected by the 15 unique participants over a period of 4 to 8 weeks. The RFE method indicated that features (1), (2), (3), and (5) had the strongest association with cognitive status. Our results suggested that OAwD displayed more predictability (i.e. smaller randomness) in travel patterns compared to the controls (OAwD: M=4.82, SD=0.57 vs. CTL: M=5.62, SD=0.71). Furthermore, the OAwD made fewer daily out‐of‐home trips compared to the controls (OAwD: M=1.06, SD=0.79 vs. CTL: M=1.65, SD=0.45), and covered smaller distances compared to the controls (OAwD: M=12.27, SD=11.73 km vs. CTL: M=15.78, SD=24.31 km).ConclusionThe proposed set of GPS‐based features identified the differences between mobility patterns of cognitively intact older adults and OAwD.