Abstract
Nowadays, water pollution by pharmaceuticals is a major issue that needs an urgent solution, as these compounds, even when found at trace or ultra-trace levels, could have harmful effects on organisms. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a pharmaceutical product that is detected as a micropollutant in many water resources. Different treatment methods were lately employed for the removal of CBZ, which are often cheap but inefficient or efficient but expensive. Yet, there are limited available studies on the elimination of this molecule by algae despite their well-known highly adaptive abilities. In this study, the biological treatment of CBZ was carried out using the green microalgae, Ankistrodesmus braunii (A. braunii), which has been reported to be particularly resistant to CBZ toxicity in the literature. The respective effects of the culture medium, the initial inoculum, and CBZ concentrations were studied on CBZ removal. Lastly, the mechanism of CBZ elimination by A. braunii was investigated. The presented data clearly demonstrates that the presence of this molecule did not completely repress A. braunii growth or the ability of these algae to remove CBZ; after 60 days of incubation, the highest percentage of CBZ elimination achieved was 87.6%. Elimination was more successful in Bold’s basal medium than in proteose peptone medium. Finally, the removal mechanism was also investigated to provide a better understanding of the transformation mechanism of this molecule. It was shown that the main removal mechanism was the bioaccumulation of CBZ by A. braunii cells, but the biotransformation of the initial CBZ into metabolites was also observed.
Highlights
Water pollution due to anthropic contaminants or pollutants is an increasing global concern.Ranging from macro- to micro-pollutants, these are caused by different human activities, such as urban and industrial development, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, mining activities, and the disposal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products [1,2,3].Water contamination by pharmaceuticals has been an environmental issue of concern since the late 1980s [4]
All other chemicals used for analytical purposes or for culture media formulation were of analytical grade and were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich
This is in accordance with the results presented previously
Summary
Water pollution due to anthropic contaminants or pollutants is an increasing global concern.Ranging from macro- to micro-pollutants, these are caused by different human activities, such as urban and industrial development, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, mining activities, and the disposal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products [1,2,3].Water contamination by pharmaceuticals has been an environmental issue of concern since the late 1980s [4]. Water pollution due to anthropic contaminants or pollutants is an increasing global concern. Ranging from macro- to micro-pollutants, these are caused by different human activities, such as urban and industrial development, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, mining activities, and the disposal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products [1,2,3]. Water contamination by pharmaceuticals has been an environmental issue of concern since the late 1980s [4]. During the 1990s, pharmaceutically active compounds, such as lipid-regulating drugs, analgesics, antibiotics, antiseptics, hormones, and chemotherapy and beta-blocking heart.
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