Towards a better understanding of debris flow sediment sources: Monitoring of an active rock slope at Spitze Stei, Switzerland

Abstract

Rapid process cascades can lead to destructive debris flows. Identifying and characterizing the processes conditioning debris-flow occurrence will strongly contribute to the mitigation of debris-flow hazards. In recent years, the rock slope near “Spitze Stei”, in the Kandersteg region, Switzerland, has exhibited elevated displacement rates exceeding 10 cm per day, suggesting a growing instability up to 20 million m3. The accumulated sediments at the bottom of the Spitze Stei slope are mobilized as debris flows by melting snow and heavy summer precipitations. Here, we use seismology combined with an intelligent algorithm to automatically detect rockfall and landslides at the Spitze Stei rock slope. These mass movements act as primary sediment sources delivering sediments to a debris-prone channel. Our initial results quantify mass movement activity before two debris flow events that occurred in 2022 and identify their triggers. Such analysis can contribute towards mitigating debris flow hazards and extending warning time, especially for debris flows triggered by factors other than precipitation.