Abstract
The isolated terawatt (TW) attosecond (as) hard X-ray pulse will expand the scope of ultrafast science, including the examination of phenomena that have not been studied before, such as the dynamics of electron clouds in atoms, single-molecule imaging, and examining the dynamics of hollow atoms. Therefore, several schemes for the generation of an isolated TW-as X-ray pulse in X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) facilities have been proposed with the manipulation of electron properties such as emittance or current. In a multi-spike scheme, a series of current spikes were employed to amplify the X-ray pulse. A single-spike scheme in which a TW-as X-ray pulse can be generated by a single current spike was investigated for ideal parameters for the XFEL machine. This paper reviews the proposed schemes and assesses the feasibility of each scheme.
Highlights
The attosecond X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) is a next-generation light source that will open a new area of science that has not yet been explored [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Here we review three topics of study that we envision will be immediately pursued with attosecond XFEL
From the answers to the questions, it was concluded that a laser energy of 0.7 mJ at 2 μm wavelength is needed to generate a current spike of 37 kA peak current for the generation of a TW-level
Summary
The attosecond (as) X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) is a next-generation light source that will open a new area of science that has not yet been explored [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. When the laser was invented in 1960, no one imagined that it would affect almost every area of modern life. It is difficult to grasp the scope of XFEL’s impact in science. Here we review three topics of study that we envision will be immediately pursued with attosecond XFEL. We acknowledge that the impacts of attosecond. XFEL are not limited to these topics
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