Abstract
Nowadays, one of the most important construction materials is concrete. By the advances of the industries in the urban areas, concrete is considered as one of the highest demands. As a result, the large amount of unprocessed materials is needed for making concrete. In the meantime, the agricultural wastes and solid material disposal are giving serious damages to the environment. As a result, by employing the agricultural wastes as a cementitious material, the undesirable impacts of the concrete industry to the environment will be dramatically decreased. That’s because the source of these newly developed concretes is both reliable and environmental friendly. In this study, the utilization of agricultural wastes as a complementary cementitious material for producing the concrete is explained. In addition, it discusses the possibility of deploying the agricultural wastes by considering their engineering, physical and chemical properties. In addition, the successful use of agricultural wastes from oil palm industry such as oil palm shell, palm oil fuel ash and palm oil fibre in the concrete mixture was reported.
Highlights
It’s almost about hundreds of years cement and concrete has been used in buildings, there are evidences showing that Portland cement has been used for hundreds of years
In many of the studies, the compressive strength of the Oil palm shell (OPS) lightweight concrete with 20% to 25% lower density as compared to the Normal Weight Concretes (NWC) and in presence or absence of the cementitious materials is within the normal bounds of the compressive strength of the structural lightweight concretes (25 to 35 MPA) [14, 15, 19, 20]
The steel fibre OPS concrete’s splitting tensile/compressive strength ratio is within normal weight concrete and its flexural strength is similar to artificial lightweight aggregate concrete
Summary
It’s almost about hundreds of years cement and concrete has been used in buildings, there are evidences showing that Portland cement has been used for hundreds of years. Materials such as agricultural solid wastes as aggregate in concrete instead of typical ones (sand as fine and gravel as coarse) which take three fifths to four fifths of the concrete’s volume [7], helps in saving energy and natural resources as well as material cost reduction. Green building rating system, environmental sustainability and the relations between concretes with similar characteristics are discussed. Recognition of these agricultural wastes by both civil and agricultural engineers made it possible to use these materials in construction and some specific industries too. By using these materials, the environmental sustainability of concrete’s manufactures will be improved
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