Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are being introduced by different manufacturers, thanks to their environment-friendly perspective to alleviate CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> pollution. In this paper, the proposed EV charging management scheme enables pre-empted charging service for heterogeneous EVs (depends on different charging capabilities, brands, etc.). Particularly, the anticipated EVs' charging reservations information, including their arrival time and expected charging time at charging stations (CSs), are brought for planning CS-selection (where to charge). Along with applying ubiquitous cellular network communication to deliver (delay tolerant) EVs' charging reservations, we further study the feasibility of applying opportunistic vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication with delay/disruption tolerant networking (DTN) nature, due primarily to its flexibility and cost-efficiency in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Evaluation results under the realistic Helsinki city scenario show that applying the V2V-based charging reservation is promisingly cost-efficient in terms of communication overhead, while achieving a comparable charging performance to apply cellular network communication.
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