Toward "plug and play" prospective motion correction for MRI by combining observations of the time varying gradient and static vector fields.

Abstract

The efficacy of a Wireless Radio frequency triggered Acquisition Device (WRAD) is evaluated for high frequency (50 Hz) prospective motion correction in a 3-dimensional spoiled gradient echo pulse sequence. The device measures the rate of change in the gradient vector fields (slew) using a 3-dimensional assembly of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inductors and the direction of the static magnetic field using a 3-axis Hall effect magnetometer. The slew vector encoding is highly efficient, because the Maxwell-term position encoding is observable, allowing overconstrained pose measurement using 3 sinusoidal gradient pulses lasting 880 μs. Since small offsets in the magnetometer can introduce bias into the pose estimates, sensor/system biases are tracked using a lightweight Kalman filter. The only calibration required is determining a geometric scaling factor for the pickup coils, which is specific to the device and will therefore be valid in any scanner. The device was used to perform prospective motion correction in 3 subjects, resulting in an increase in Average Edge Strength (AES) for involuntary and deliberate motion. The WRAD is simple to set up and use, with well-defined measurement variance. This could enable "plug and play" prospective motion correction if pulse sequence independence is achieved.