Abstract
Third-generation geostationary meteorological satellites (GEOs), such as Himawari-8/9 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES)-R Series Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), and Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Flexible Combined Imager (FCI), provide advanced imagery and atmospheric measurements of the Earth’s weather, oceans, and terrestrial environments at high-frequency intervals. Third-generation GEOs also significantly improve capabilities by increasing the number of observation bands suitable for environmental change detection. This review focuses on the significantly enhanced contribution of third-generation GEOs for disaster monitoring and risk mitigation, focusing on atmospheric and terrestrial environment monitoring. In addition, to demonstrate the collaboration between GEOs and Low Earth orbit satellites (LEOs) as supporting information for fine-spatial-resolution observations required in the event of a disaster, the landfall of Typhoon No. 19 Hagibis in 2019, which caused tremendous damage to Japan, is used as a case study.
Highlights
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Himawari monitor can superimpose a group of products applied to Himawari, such as algorithms developed mainly for the Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI) boarded on the Global Change Observation
Hashimoto et al [140] conducted an analysis using GOES16 on the Amazon rainforest. They demonstrated seasonal changes in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the Amazon rainforest, which could not be confirmed by conventional Low Earth orbit satellites (LEOs), such as MODIS, due to the dramatic increase in the frequency of observations by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES)-R
In terms of aerosol correction, there is room for further improvement in accuracy by utilizing the results obtained in atmospheric research [99,109], but the high computational cost is prohibitive in terms of providing data in quasi-real-time
Summary
For weather analysis and forecasting, geostationary satellites (GEOs) have an advantage over polar orbiters; images are captured frequently rather than once or twice per day. First-generation GEOs (for example, GMS 1 to 3, and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites’ (GOES) first-generation Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) [6]) had only two channels that were visible, and the other was a thermal infrared (TIR) channel of approximately 10 μm, which could capture images of the Earth once every three hours. Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) [11] is considered to be a second-anda-half-generation GEO. With enhancements such as an increase in the number of bands. Operational Environmental Satellites; ABI, Advanced Baseline Imager; MTG, Meteosat Third Generation; FCI, Flexible Combined Imager; FY-4A, Fengyun-4A; AGRI, Advanced Geostationary Radiation. Imager; GK-2A, GEO-KOMPSAT 2A; AMI, Advanced Meteorological Imager; VIS, visible; NIR, near infrared; TIR, thermal infrared
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