Abstract
This paper describes first the situation of fly ash in various ASEAN countries. Then the development of fly ash utilization in Thailand is discussed, which includes fly ash specification, standards on durability and service life design for fly ash concrete, and in the final, study results of application potential of various off-spec fly ashes are elaborated. Characteristics of fly ash in different ASEAN countries are different and have different problems. Thailand has 2 major sources of fly ash which have significantly different properties, especially CaO content (high and low CaO). Therefore, the standard specification of the Thai fly ashes classifies the fly ashes based on both quality classes (Classes 1, 2, and 3, with class 1 having the highest quality) and CaO content (high and low CaO). The effects of the fly ash were considered in the durability and service life design standard, for example in estimating the diffusion coefficient of chloride, critical chloride content, carbonation coefficient, and sulfate resistance. Lastly, examples of comparative study results on some off-spec fly ashes (high free lime, dumped wet, and high LOI fly ashes) are demonstrated.
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