Abstract
Automatic subsea operations using real-time underwater optical wireless sensor networks are mooted as a new paradigm of underwater Internet of Things in this paper. To this end, we develop an underwater optical wireless sensor network prototype called AquaE-net, which consists of an optical hub and two sensor nodes with temperature, salinity, conductivity, and pH sensing capabilities. Clock synchronization is realized in AquaE-net, which paves the way for future underwater positioning and navigation. Moreover, real-time and bi-directional network communication with 100% packet success rates has been realized by AquaE-net in free space and turbid water in the harbor of the Red Sea at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. This is the first step toward future effective marine environmental monitoring and marine resources exploration.
Highlights
MANKIND has made great efforts in exploring and utilizing marine space in the past few years, such as the development of marine oil, gas, and fishery resources
We develop, to the best of our knowledge, the first underwater optical wireless sensor network prototype called AquaE-net, which consists of an optical hub and two sensor nodes
An optical hub with four transceivers facing in four directions in AquaE-net can realize access of multiple sensor nodes at different time slots
Summary
MANKIND has made great efforts in exploring and utilizing marine space in the past few years, such as the development of marine oil, gas, and fishery resources. Driven by new technologies, such as undersea fiber-optic cables, underwater vehicles, and modern sensors, ocean network-based monitoring methods have made significant breakthroughs. Stationary platforms, such as benthic landers, oceanographic moorings, and cabled ocean observatories, have played an important role in implementing all-weather, long-term, continuous, large-scale, comprehensive, and in-situ observation [4]. Traditional underwater acoustic communication technology with low capacity, low data rate, and high latency cannot support a large number of underwater equipment to quickly establish communication links for real-time and highly efficient automatic subsea operations due to the limited bandwidth (~kHz) and low propagation speed (1500 m/s) of acoustic waves [7]. This is the first step toward future real-time and highly efficient automatic subsea operations in UIoT
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