Abstract
Geolocation information is an important feature of remote sensing image data that is captured through a variety of passive or active observation sensors, such as push-broom electro-optical sensor, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and sound navigation and ranging (SONAR). As a fundamental processing step to locate an image, geo-positioning is used to determine the ground coordinates of an object from image coordinates. A variety of sensor models have been created to describe geo-positioning process. In particular, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has defined the Sensor Model Language (SensorML) specification in its Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative to describe sensors including the geo-positioning process. It has been realized using syntax from the extensible markup language (XML). Besides, two standards defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 19130-1 and ISO 19130-2, introduced a physical sensor model, a true replacement model, and a correspondence model for the geo-positioning process. However, a standardized encoding for geo-positioning sensor models is still missing for the remote sensing community. Thus, the interoperability of remote sensing data between application systems cannot be ensured. In this paper, a standardized encoding of remote sensing geo-positioning sensor models is introduced. It is semantically based on ISO 19130-1 and ISO 19130-2, and syntactically based on OGC SensorML. It defines a cross mapping of the sensor models defined in ISO 19130-1 and ISO 19130-2 to the SensorML, and then proposes a detailed encoding method to finalize the XML schema (an XML schema here is the structure to define an XML document), which will become a profile of OGC SensorML. It seamlessly unifies the sensor models defined in ISO 19130-1, ISO 19130-2, and OGC SensorML. By enabling a standardized description of sensor models used to produce remote sensing data, this standard is very promising in promoting data interoperability, mobility, and integration in the remote sensing domain.
Highlights
Remote sensing has been widely used to monitor Earth’s surface environment and its changes over time that are associated with reflectance and other surface properties of Earth
This paper presented a standardized encoding of remote sensing geo-positioning sensor models
It is semantically based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 19130-1 and ISO 19130-2, and syntactically based on Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) SensorML
Summary
Remote sensing has been widely used to monitor Earth’s surface environment and its changes over time that are associated with reflectance and other surface properties of Earth. One of the key characteristics of remote sensing data is that it conveys ground location information, which is retrieved through geo-positioning processes [1]. According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) [2], approximately 950 types of remote sensors (including both Earth observation instruments and solar/space environment monitors). Sensor Models for Geo-Positioning Process and Related International Standards. ISO 19130-1 and ISO 19130-2 rigorously define the physical and geometric information of a sensor and the functions 2020, 12, 1530 rigorously define the physical and geometric information of a sensor and the functions (a function here is a clearly defined expression that can receive inputs and produce outputs) and parameters for describing a PSM, TRM, and CM, along with GCPs. They work together to determine the geographic position of images from sensors
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