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Abstract
Aerial surveys have always significantly contributed to the accurate mapping of certain geographical phenomena. Remote sensing opened up new perspectives in nature monitoring with state-of-the-art technical solutions using modern onboard recording equipment. We developed the technical background and the methodology that supports detailed and cost-effective monitoring of a network of natural areas, thereby detecting temporal changes in the spatial pattern of land cover, species, biodiversity, and other natural features. In this article, we share our experiences of the technical background, geometric accuracy and results of comparisons with selected Copernicus Land Monitoring products and an Ecosystem Map based on the testing of our methodology at 25 sites in Hungary. We combined a high-spatial-resolution aerial remote sensing service with field studies to support an efficient nature conservation monitoring network at 25 permanent sites. By analyzing annually (or more frequently) orthophotos taken with a range of 0.5–5 cm spatial resolution and 3D surface models of aerial surveys, it is possible to map the upper canopy of vegetation species. Furthermore, it allows us to accurately follow the changes in the dynamics at the forest edge and upper canopy, or the changes in species’ dominance in meadows. Additionally, spatial data obtained from aerial surveys and field studies can expand the knowledge base of the High-Resolution Aerial Monitoring Network (HRAMN) and support conservation and restoration management. A well-conducted high-resolution survey can reveal the impacts of land interventions and habitat regeneration. By building the HRAMN network, nature conservation could have an up-to-date database that could prompt legal processes, establish protection designation procedures and make environmental habitat management more cost-effective. Landscape protection could also utilize the services of HRAMN in planning and risk reduction interventions through more reliable inputs to environmental models.
Highlights
In an information society, it is crucial to know about the actual state, patterns, and trends of our environment [1,2,3]
This paper examines how the geometric accuracy, detection accuracy, and applicability of the tested services of the High Spatial Resolution Aerial Monitoring Network (HRAMN) databases relate to European databases
Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of the monitoring method and indicated a potential for further developments
Summary
It is crucial to know about the actual state, patterns, and trends of our environment [1,2,3]. Applying the latest remote sensing technologies in an innovative way can expand the range of monitoring tools and enhance nature conservation and scientific research efficiency. Demands on the use of high-resolution remote sensing procedures and spatial data in nature conservation projects [9,10,11,12], in environmental and restoration ecology [13,14,15], mapping and monitoring natural phenomena are growing [16,17,18,19]. Our team is continuously experimenting with the latest technologies and workflows to find the most cost-effective, innovative solutions adapted to the different spatial resolutions demanded by nature conservation monitoring [28,29,30,31,32] which comply with legal requirements
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