Toward a ground-based and long-term meteorological forcing dataset for South Korea

Abstract

The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application version 2 (MERRA-2) is a well-established reanalysis dataset and is widely used for driving global-scale hydrological models. However, owing to its relatively coarse spatial resolution (0.5°), the capability of MERRA-2 is repeatedly challenged in regional-scale studies, especially for smaller areas of interest. In addition, the availability of in situ observation data is a pressing issue for generating meteorological forcing. We developed a grid-based high spatial (0.125°) and temporal (hourly) resolution meteorological forcing dataset, which can evaluate hydrological processes in South Korea using state-of-the-art meteorological observations from 1980 to 2020. The forcing dataset was created by combining Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) in situ measurement data from the Korean Meteorological Administration and MERRA-2 reanalysis datasets. Five meteorological variables were provided in the ASOS-MERRA2 (precipitation, air temperature, surface pressure, specific humidity, and wind speed). The study demonstrates that the region-based and high spatial resolution of ASOS-MERRA2 is superior to the existing MERRA-2 with improvements of all five weather variables, for example, from 5.6 to 2.8 mm root mean square error of precipitation. The ASOS-MERRA2 was more capable of reducing the biases and root mean squared error by improving the coefficient of determination compared with MERRA-2 for all five variables. The newly developed ASOS-MERRA2 provides an opportunity to drive land surface models to evaluate the hydroclimatic conditions in South Korea.