Toward a better understanding of phase transformations in additive manufacturing of Alloy 718

Abstract

This paper presents a discussion on the phase-transformation aspects of additively manufactured Alloy 718 during the additive manufacturing (AM) process and subsequent commonly used post-heat treatments. To this end, fundamental theoretical principles, thermodynamic and kinetics modeling, and existing literature data are employed. Two different AM processes, namely, laser-directed energy deposition and electron-beam powder-bed fusion are considered. The general aspects of phase formation during solidification and solid state in Alloy 718 are first examined, followed by a detailed discussion on phase transformations during the two processes and subsequent standard post heat-treatments. The effect of cooling rates, thermal gradients, and thermal cycling on the phase transformation in Alloy 718 during the AM processes are considered. Special attention is given to illustrate how the segregated composition during the solidification could affect the phase transformations in the Alloy 718. The information provided in this study will contribute to a better understanding of the overall process–structure–property relationship in the AM of Alloy 718 718.