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Abstract
AbstractSimilarities may be seen in the development of tourism in Japan and Switzerland during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, especially in terms of the origins and purpose of their respective national tourism offices. In the twenty-first century, however, fundamental differences became evident. During the first decades of the twenty-first century, Switzerland, that had been quick to see the opportunities of e-tourism, was less dynamic in response to the fourth and fifth industrial revolutions, whereas the opposite happened in Japan. Switzerland as with Austria and Germany, adopted a traditional concept of DMO’s that was location-base and limited regionally by administrative boundaries. The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) development after Web1.0 and the emergence of mobile applications have challenged this concept. A more contemporary view is based more on network travel and visitor flows rather than physical territory. The Japan Central government decided to adopt the western DMO concept as regional tourism policy, but relatively late in 2016.The aim of this innovative research project is to analyze the adoption/implementation of the new concept of DMO’s focusing on Switzerland and Japan. For Switzerland, the main barrier is the scarcity of data given the slower uptake of the technology emanating from the fourth and fifth industrial revolutions. In Japan, the situation may be seen to be inverted, given the country’s proclivity to adopt the advantages from the latest industrial revolution. This may mean that Japan could leapfrog the traditional DMO concept. This research presents the Bass’ analysis of DMO’s websites as a proxy of DMO concepts – traditional or new generation.
Highlights
The popularization of leisure tourism occurred earlier in Japan than in many European countries
What is the level of integration and availability of Regional Economy and Society Analysing System (RESAS) data-beyond the tourism data-used by the Japanese version of Destination Management Organization (DMO)’s? The answer to this question is central because the greater the integration, the greater is the evidence that Japan Destination Management Organizations (DMO’s) are leapfrogging traditional static models and using network and dynamic data generation
A preliminary study on the adoption of the technologies associated with the Web 1.0 was carried out on three European countries (Austria (AUT), Germany (DEU) and Switzerland (CHE) along with Japan (JPN)
Summary
The popularization of leisure tourism occurred earlier in Japan than in many European countries. In Japan, the carriage trip was mostly not allowed for security reasons-preventing attacks on Edo-Tokyo - so most of the travellers walked on roads, contributing to the earlier popularization of tourism activities in comparison to Europe Another important difference during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was that Japan, due to the policy of closure of the country, domestic tourism only was developed, whereas Britain and continental Europe developed overseas tourism, often in the form of the Grand Peregrination or le Grand Tour [3–5]. Tourism for Japan was considered as both a macroeconomic tool to obtain foreign currencies and as a diplomatic tool facilitating the ending of isolation of the early stage and to cope with the consequences of the Pacific War [2] Another major difference was the openness to foreign visitors in the nineteenth century: Switzerland was open to foreign visitors without restrictions whereas Japan restricted visitors’ itineraries on the behalf of a ‘‘foreigner’s travel ordinance’’ regulation from 1859 [6, 13]. The Tourism Nation promotion Basic Plan was made public in 2007 and subsequently the Japan Tourism Agency (JTA) was inaugurated in 2008, which aimed at the integrated development and promotion of outbound, inbound and domestic tourism [23]
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