Abstract
This study empirically examines the impact of the tourism endowments, institution quality, and its sub-components on inbound tourists in the Association of Southeast Asia Nation (ASEAN) member states using the fixed-effect model and panel data set from 2007–2017. The results show that the tourism endowment index and institution quality are essential factors that encourage inbound tourists to visit individual ASEAN member states. I further examine inbound tourists’ responses to each sub-component of institution quality. I corroborate that most of the sub-components of institution quality play an essential role in promoting inbound tourism in individual ASEAN member states. Other variables, such as China’s GDP per capita, foreign direct investment (FDIs), and single-entry visa schemes, show positive and significant impacts on inbound tourists in individual ASEAN member states. Therefore, these results aid the government and the policymakers in ASEAN member states to provide additional, appropriate tourism strategic development plans and policies.
Highlights
In recent years, tourism has emerged as a critical instrument in economic development and poverty alleviation in many countries, including Association of Southeast Asia Nation (ASEAN) member states
This section first estimates the impact of tourism endowment index (TED), and institution quality, on inbound tourists in individual ASEAN member states by incorporating various control variables to obtain the robustness and magnitude of variables of interest across different specifications; it tests whether the newly introduced variables mediate some of the impacts
This study identified that having more tourism endowments such as Cultural and Natural World Heritage Sites (CNWHS), Intangible Cultural World Heritage (ICWH), memories of world heritage (MWH), and TWHS increases inbound tourists in individual ASEAN member states because tourism is still an endowment-dependent industry
Summary
Tourism has emerged as a critical instrument in economic development and poverty alleviation in many countries, including ASEAN member states. This study examines the impact of the Tourism Endowment Index (TED), institution quality, and its sub-components (politics-oriented and governance-oriented aspects) on inbound tourists in individual ASEAN member states. This study makes two main contributions to the field: first, it extends the existing literature on the impact of governance-oriented aspects on inbound tourists, which influences both market and non-market activities leading to discouraging inbound tourists from visiting destinations; second, it provides new findings on the impact of TED, on inbound tourists, in individual ASEAN member states. The tourism sector in ASEAN member states has expanded significantly over the past few decades, inbound tourists’ annual growth rate has seen a fluctuation in growth This fluctuation has made ASEAN’s critical vision, to promote themselves as a single tourism destination, become a significant challenge. The development of sub-components of institution quality and inbound tourists in Brunei, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam appear to differ from these trends
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