Abstract
Bioceramics are widely considered as elective materials for the regeneration of bone tissue, due to their compositional mimicry with bone inorganic components. However, they are intrinsically brittle, which limits their capability to sustain multiple biomechanical loads, especially in the case of load-bearing bone districts. In the last decades, intense research has been dedicated to combining processes to enhance both the strength and toughness of bioceramics, leading to bioceramic composite scaffolds. This review summarizes the recent approaches to this purpose, particularly those addressed to limiting the propagation of cracks to prevent the sudden mechanical failure of bioceramic composites.
Highlights
Bone tissue is classified as a calcified connective tissue with several important roles in the human body, including storing minerals, protecting vital organs, enabling movement, providing internal support, and providing the sites of attachment for muscles and tendons [1,2]
The osteogenic capability of bioceramic scaffolds is significantly correlated to their intrinsic pore size distribution and interconnection, enabling cell infiltration, migration, and neo-vascularization
The present review summarizes the relevant progress made on the mechanical reinforcement of bioceramic composites
Summary
Bone tissue is classified as a calcified connective tissue with several important roles in the human body, including storing minerals, protecting vital organs, enabling movement, providing internal support, and providing the sites of attachment for muscles and tendons [1,2]. The classification of bioceramics is generally based on their chemical composition, as well as on the basis of their interaction with natural tissues; bioceramics can be considered as bioinert or bioactive, considering biodegradability as an added value that enables the replacement of damaged bone parts with new ones during the scaffold bioresorption [28,29,30,31,32] In this respect, recent studies demonstrated that the modulation of composition and textural properties can be considered as a valuable strategy to control material resorption and bone formation [33,34]. These factors affect the mechanical strength and degradation properties of the scaffold, leading to changes in the cell response In this respect, many studies have reported the biocompatibility of fiber-reinforced ceramics both in vitro and in vivo [73,74,75,76,77]. It was observed that human peripheral blood monocyte derived osteoclasts were more actively resorbed onto sub-micro structured β-TCP compared to microscale topography [106]
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