Touch matters: COVID-19, physical examination, and 21st century general practice.

Abstract

<h3>Abstract</h3> In this paper we develop and test a method which uses high-throughput phenotypes to infer the genotypes of an individual. The inferred genotypes can then be used to perform genomic selection. Previous methods which used high-throughput phenotype data to increase the accuracy of selection assumed that the high-throughput phenotypes correlate with selection targets. When this is not the case, we show that the high-throughput phenotypes can be used to determine which haplotypes an individual inherited from their parents, and thereby infer the individual’s genotypes. We tested this method in two simulations. In the first simulation, we explored, how the accuracy of the inferred genotypes depended on the high-throughput phenotypes used and the genome of the species analysed. In the second simulation we explored whether using this method could increase genetic gain a plant breeding program by enabling genomic selection on non-genotyped individuals. In the first simulation, we found that genotype accuracy was higher if more high-throughput phenotypes were used and if those phenotypes had higher heritability. We also found that genotype accuracy decreased with an increasing size of the species genome. In the second simulation, we found that the inferred genotypes could be used to enable genomic selection on non-genotyped individuals and increase genetic gain compared to random selection, or in some scenarios phenotypic selection. This method presents a novel way for using high-throughput phenotype data in breeding programs. As the quality of high-throughput phenotypes increases and the cost decreases, this method may enable the use of genomic selection on large numbers of non-genotyped individuals.