Abstract
The parameter variations of exciting radiation, like spectral distribution, intensity, brilliance, polarization and the phenomenon of X-ray total reflection, leads to improved lower limits of detection (LLD) in XRF. Observations and results from experiments performed with different X-ray tubes such as fine focus Cu and Mo anodes, a specially designed Au anode operated with 100 kV and high power rotating anodes are reported. Results from measurements with monochromatic X-rays tuned with a multilayer structure as well as the use of polarized X-rays from the synchrotron will be shown. All developed measuring devices will be described in terms of their recent design features showing the possible geometric arrangements denned by the beam-reflector-detector position. The extrapolated detection limits for the K-shell excitation of rare earth elements are in the region of 0.3 ng, for medium Z elements in the pg range and for optimized conditions, with a rotating Cu anode, 170 fg for Mn are achieved corresponding to the pg g −1 (ppt) concentration level.
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