Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Antibacterial Properties ofPolygonatum orientaleDesf andTiliadasystyla

Aims: Plants need an appropriate amount of nutrients such as copper for growth and development. However, excess of copper may interrupt plant development and cause stress that led to biochemical compounds being synthesized. The influence of a high copper sulfate concentration on phenolic and flavonoid content in Phyllanthus tenellus plants was investigated.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a government compound at MARDI Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia (2° 59' 31.7292'' N 101° 41' 56.706'' E), from April 2021 to Jun 2021.
 Methodology: The experiment was conducted using a vertical column planting system under a side-netted rain shelter. The plants were subjected to 0.5 M copper sulfate sprayed after 60 days of planting and harvested 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after sprayed for further analysis. Total phenolic content was calculated as mg gallic acid equivalent and total flavonoid content was measured as quercetin equivalent.
 Results: Highest total phenolic and flavonoid content was detected after 0.5 hours of copper sulfate application and started to decrease towards 24 hours after sprayed. Treated samples showed a 1.18-fold increase in total phenolic content and 1.4-fold increase in total flavonoid content compared to control untreated samples after 0.5 hours of sprayed. Control samples showed stability in both total phenolic and flavonoid content throughout the harvesting periods. Phenolic is the major secondary metabolites in Phyllanthus tenellus plants.
 Conclusion: Data revealed that the application of 0.5 M copper sulfate is able to enhance total phenolic and flavonoid content in Phyllanthus tenellus plants. The study suggested that the optimum harvesting time is 0.5 hours after copper sulfate application.

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the total phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH free-radical scavenging activity of Vernonia amygdalina planted in Mekong Delta. The optimized conditions for maceration of pandan leaves included drying method, ratio of pandan leaf powder-to-solvent, and extraction time.
 Methodology: The fresh pandan leaves were divided into two equal portions, subjected to different drying methods: shade and oven drying. The dried leaf powder was macerated in ethanol at room temperature. The maceration was conducted with 3 different ratios of pandan leaf powder-to-solvent (w/v) (1:10, 1:15 and 1:20), and the extraction time was 1, 2 and 3 days. The total flavonoid content was determined using aluminum chloride method whereas the total phenolic content was assessed using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts was quantitatively evaluated using DPPH test.
 Results: The results indicated that the best conditions for maceration of pandan leaves were 1:10 shade-dried leaf powder-to-solvent ratio in 1-day extraction time. Accordingly, the total flavonoid and phenolic content was found to be the highest value of 130.02 ± 2.24 mg QE/g of dried extract and 100.67 ± 1.76 mg GAE/g of dried extract (p < 0.05), respectively. The lowest IC50 of DPPH free-radical scavenging activity of pandan leaf extract was found to be 0.90 ± 0.02 mg/mL (p < 0.05). In addition, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between IC50 of DPPH free-radical scavenge activity and total flavonoid content was R2 = 0.74 compared to that of phenolic content with the value of R2 = 0.69, indicating that the IC50 of DPPH free-radical scavenge capacity of pandan leaves was influenced chiefly by flavonoid compounds.
 Conclusion: There was a significant difference in phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH free-radical scavenging activity between shade-dried and oven-dried pandan leaf extracts.

Senna didymobotrya has been used in Kenya by the Kipsigis community to control malaria as well as diarrhoea. The Pokot prepare charcoal from the stem for milk preservation. Research has not been done to investigate the effect of different extraction solvents on yield, total phenolic and flavonoid content of Senna didymobotrya plant roots. The aim of this study was to compare root extract yield of diethyl-ether, methanol, and aqueous solvents; phytochemical screening; and total phenolic and flavonoid content of Senna didymobotrya plant roots. Extraction was done by the Soxhlet method. Phytochemical screening was done using Harborne's (1973) method with a slight modification. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colourimetric assay at 420 nm. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu at 760 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Extraction yield of diethyl ether, methanol, and distilled water were 3.72 g (7.44%), 4.97 g (9.94%), and 9.09 g (18.18%), respectively, showing a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the yields obtained using the different solvents. Phytochemical screening was positive for phenols, tannins, saponins, gladiac glycosides, anthraquinones, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Total flavonoid content was found to be 48.3 ± 1.5 (QEmg/g) and total phenol content was calculated as 34.5 ± 0.1 (GAEmg/g). Distilled water can be utilized as the best extraction solvent. Senna has a high amount of flavonoid and phenolic content. The limitation of this research is that it only tested root extracts and not leaves, flowers, or seeds. More studies need to be done to isolate the different compounds identified.

Six cultivars of kiwifruits grown in Korea, including Actinidia eriantha ‘Bidan’, A. arguta ‘Chiak’, A. arguta ‘Darae No. 2’, A. chinensis ‘Haegeum’, A. chinensis ‘Haehyang’, and A. arguta × A. deliciosa ‘Mansoo’, were harvested at various maturity stages to test whether kiwifruit maturity has an influence on antioxidant capacity or total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Kiwifruit extracts were isolated using absolute methanol and then 80% (v·v-1) aqueous methanol during homogenization. ‘Bidan’, collected at the second harvest stage, contained the greatest amount of total phenolics (775.3 mg gallic acid equivalents·100 g-1 fresh weight) and had the highest antioxidant capacity [816.5, 633.2, and 2,662.7 mg vitamin C equivalents·100 g-1 fresh weight for 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays, respectively] among cultivars tested, while ‘Haehyang’, collected at the first harvest, contained the greatest amount of total flavonoids (13.1 mg catechin equivalents·100 g-1 fresh weight). Kiwifruit cultivar and genotype influenced antioxidant capacity, as well as total phenolic and flavonoid contents. No trend, however, was observed in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in the antioxidant capacity with respect to maturity stage. Antioxidant capacity had a higher linear correlation coefficient with total phenolic contents than with total flavonoid contents. The results above suggest that kiwifruits at various maturity stages are a valuable source of phenolics and antioxidants for industrial application and consumer health benefit.

The focus of the present study was to determine the association of the anti-oxidant activity of Costus speciosus (Koen Ex. Retz.) Sm. with the total phe-nolic content and the total flavonoid content. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was quantified by diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the total flavonoid content was determined by the aluminium chloride method. Among the four extracts of the plant, the ethanol extract exhibited the high-est antioxidant activity and also the highest total phenolic and flavonoid con-tents. A strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. A statistical model was de-rived to explain this dependence and a non-linear association was observed between the antioxidant activity and the total flavonoid content.

In this study there were evaluated total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)of 3 herbs species, that are commonly used in fresh stage (summer savory –Satureja hortensisL., marjoram –Majorana hortensisM. and thyme –Thymus vulgarisL.) in dependence on time of harvest. The total flavonoid content ranged from 2.36 to 4.10 g of catechin equivalents (CE).100g−1of dry weight (dw) of plant material. The highest average total flavonoids content was ascertained in aerial part of summer savory colected in first harvest (4.10 g CE.100g−1dw) and the lowest in aerial part of summer savory collected in third harvest (2.36 g CE.100g−1dw). The highest total flavonoid content was measured by all tested species in plant material harvested in first time of harvest. The highest total phenolic content was estimated in plant material of marjoram harvested in the second time of harvest (6.74 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE).100g−1dw) and the lowest in aerial part of summer savory harvested in the third time of harvest (4.16 g GAE .100g−1dw). Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ranged from 1,13 (summer savory, harvest No. 3) to 1.91 g GAE .100g−1dw (thyme, harvest No. 1). The best results of total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and FRAP were obtained by marjoram. Among harvest times there were the highest contents of measured compound mainly by the samples collected in the first time of harvest.

The lichens synthesize a large number of secondary metabolites and most of these compounds are unique to lichen. The present study provides data concerning the chemical characterization and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of lichen extracts of Umbilicaria crustulosa. Chemical profiling of the extracts was done by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a UV detector (HPLC/UV), while the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents was done by the spectrophotometric method. HPLC analysis of the acetone and methanol extracts of U. crustulosa lichen revealed the presence of the methyl-orselinate, lecanoric acid, crustinic acid, haematommic acid, gyrophoric acid, methyl lecanorate, physodic acid, atranorin and chloroatranorin as the main compounds. The most abundant compounds of the acetone and methanol extracts were the tri-depside gyrophoric acid (59.27 % and 58.32 %) and didepside lecanoric acid (7.41 % and 11.43 %). The results of the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) show that the acetone extract had higher values of TPC (205.46 mg GA/g) and TFC (290.18 mg RE/g; 160.50 mg QE/g). The investigated extracts of the lichen U. crustulosa can be used as a significant source of biologically active compounds.

Solanum anguivi Lam. is an ethnomedicinal plant. Local traditional practitioners believe that it reduces the risk of diabetes and atherosclerosis diseases. The present study was intended to conduct qualitative phytochemical analysis, determine the total flavonoid and phenolic contents, estimate the antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activities of the extracts of the fruits of this plant. The antioxidant activity was determined by analyzing the radical scavenging activity (RSA) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antibacterial activities were determined by the agar well diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the crude extracts obtained from the fruits of the plant indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and tannins. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content were obtained in the ethanol extract of the fruits, followed by dichloromethane and n-hexane extract. The total phenolic content (in gallic acid equivalents, GAE) ranged from 113.3 to 202.72 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid content (in catechin equivalent, CE) varied from 61.72 to 142.64 mg (CE)/g. All fruit extracts of S. anguivi exhibited antioxidant activity as revealed by DPPH and FRAP assays. The DPPH RSA (% inhibition) of the fruit extract varied from 35.11 to 80.13. The total phenolic and Flavonoid contents showed alinear correlation with RSA. Furthermore, all fruit extracts showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria varying from 12.5 to 16.75 mm. The result showed that the extracts of the plant exerted stronger bactericidal effect on gram-positive bacteria than on gram-negative bacteria. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1993087 .

Yograj guggulu vati (YGV), a polyherbal formulation is recommended for the management of diseases like arthritic, anodyne or analgesic, spasm, muscle relaxant, flatulence, digestive problem, cough, hyperglycaemia, fat burner and obesity. Though Yograj guggulu vati is widely used for the treatment of diseases in Ayurvedic System of Indian Medicine, but till date, it’s Phenolic and flavonoids contents and contamination studies have not been carried. In the present article, we evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoids contents and contamination of YGV. Total phenolic contents were evaluated by Folin Ciocalteu reagent. Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for the determination of total flavonoid contents. Contamination study such as microbial load was also performed. Microbial load study revealed that total bacterial counts and total fungal counts were under limits. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were 190.16 mg/g and 20.87 mg/ g dry extract respectively. Microbial load studies showed that the formulation has a good quality and purity. Presence of abundance phenolic and flavonoids compound indicated that YGV can be used for different biological activities.
 Keywords: Microbial load, Yograj Guggulu Vati, total phenolic contents

Red spinach and chrysanthemum are two plants that contain various active compounds, including flavonoids and phenols which have good antioxidant activity. One of the benefits of antioxidants is as an anti-anemia. The combination of red spinach and chrysanthemum extracts is expected to be a potential alternative treatment for anemia by combining high Fe and antioxidants found in both herbal ingredients. Research related to test the levels of flavonoids and phenols in red spinach and chrysanthemum extracts (in combination) has not been carried out. This study aimed to measure the total flavonoid and phenol levels of the combination of red spinach ethanol extract (EEBM) and chrysanthemum flower ethanol extract (EEBK). The design of this research is descriptif quantitative. The method used for the extraction is maceration. The solvent used is 70% ethanol. Then the two extracts were combined by mixing the two extracts with a ratio of 5.6 ml EEBM and 1.4 ml EEBK. The process of mixing the extracts was carried out by the centrifugation method. The suspension of the combination of EEBM and EEBK was then measured for the total flavonoid and phenol content. Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC) was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with AlCl3 reagent at 425 nm. TFC results are expressed in quercetin equivalent (QE). The TFC result from the combination of EEBM and EEBK was 85.33 mg QE/g. Determination of total phenol content (TPC) was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin-Ciocalteu LP reagent at 735 nm. TPC results are expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The TPC result from the combination of EEBM and EEBK is 25.22 GAE/g. Flavonoids and phenols contained in the combination of EEBM + EEBK extracts can be an alternative anti-anemia because they have the effect of helping the absorption of iron in the intestine

BACKGROUND As the longevity of human lives has increased, the geriatric population is increasing demonstrating more number of oral candidal infections due to decreased immunity. Natural products are being investigated to be used to treat oral candidiasis in place of synthetic drugs in selective geriatric cases. Propolis is one such natural product, which is time tested and developed by nature as an antimicrobial agent. Its toxicity is very less. It can be used in multiple forms. It has the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties apart from antibiotic properties and potency of the material improves as it matures with time. But the constituents of Propolis differ with the different sources of procurement. We wanted to evaluate the efficacy of the Propolis procured from Hubballi against Candida albicans in this study. METHODS In this invitro study, Hubballi Propolis was extracted by maceration and refluxing. Water and 70 % ethanol were used as extraction solvents. Total Phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by using Folin - Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method and Aluminium chloride colorimetric method respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity effect of Propolis was estimated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the samples. RESULTS The results of the studies revealed that propolis samples have effective antifungal activity against Candida albicans with MIC range from 0.01mg / ml to 0.03 mg / ml and comparable high total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents ranging from 175.4 ± 5.7 to 192.2 ± 3.3 and 33.08 ± 10 to 31.73 ± 8.5 mg / ml respectively. CONCLUSIONS Hubballi Propolis can be used for treating Candidal infection. Further, water extract Propolis showed better in total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) than the alcohol extract. This finding is important to overcome the disadvantage of alcohol extract and hence very useful for application in Dentistry, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. KEY WORDS Antifungal Activity, Hubballi Propolis, Flavonoid Content, Phenolic Content

Phenolic and flavonoid contents in plants play a great role in scavenging free radicals in the body and act as antioxidants; thus making their determination very vital. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol extract of Voacanga africana root bark and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) were carried out in this study. The total phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau assay while the the total flavonoid content was determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric assay method. The result obtained showed that n-hexane fraction of the plant exhibited the highest (116.607±95.13 mgGAE/g) total phenolic content (TPC) at all concentrations followed by ethyl acetate fraction of the plants. The highest total flavonoid content across concentrations (300, 250, 200, 100, 50 and 25 μg/ml) was exhibited by n-hexane fraction (467.143±44.22 mg QE/g). From the results, it was concluded that n-hexane fraction of V. Africana root bark exhibited the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents at all concentrations (ppm), followed by ethyl acetate. It could be deduced that V. africana root bark possesses phenolic and flavonoid contents depending on the type of extract or fraction; thus justifying its folkloric use in the treatment of diseases.Keywords: Phytochemicals, Phenols, Flavonoids, Voacanga africana, Root bark, Fraction

本試驗以綠豆抗豆象品系VC6089A、其近同源但不抗豆象品系VC1973A及日正綠豆 (日正食品工業股份有限公司，南北坊綠豆) 為材料，探討於黑暗中栽培高植化素含量綠豆芽之最適環境條件。綠豆種子於20˚C、26˚C與32˚C浸水0、4、8及12小時，其乾重隨浸種時間延長而降低。以四種密度栽培綠豆芽，收穫指數 (harvest index) 以7 g·cm-2種子最佳，其下胚軸較長、總類黃酮 (total flavonoids) 含量較高；密度試驗中，綠豆芽總酚類含量與收穫指數之間 (r=0.74***) 、總酚類 (total phenolics) 含量及總類黃酮含量之間 (r=0.77***) 皆呈正相關。以壓重0、100、200、300、400 g·51.84 cm-2栽培綠豆芽，VC1973A及日正綠豆於400 g·51.84 cm-2處理下，其豆芽下胚軸較粗短，根長亦較短；壓重試驗中，綠豆芽總類黃酮含量與DPPH自由基清除能力[α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity]間，以及總類黃酮含量與FRAP鐵離子氧化還原能力 (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP ) 間之相關係數r分別為0.82***與0.64***。繼以16 h/8 h為一週期，於26˚C/20˚C、26˚C/23˚C、26˚C/26˚C、29˚C/20˚C、29˚C/23˚C及29˚C/26˚C栽培綠豆芽，VC6089A在29˚C/23˚C 及26˚C/26˚C栽培之鮮重較佳，VC1973A與日正綠豆則分別於29˚C/23˚C與26˚C/26˚C之鮮重較佳；綠豆芽之可溶性固形物及可溶性蛋白質含量顯著受栽培溫度組合之影響；而VC1973A綠豆芽之總類黃酮及總酚類含量皆較其他兩綠豆芽高。相較於0、10、20與50 mM氯化鈉溶液，以15 mM氯化鈉溶液栽培綠豆芽時，其產量較高、總類黃酮及總酚類含量最高，且VC1973A綠豆芽之亞鐵離子螯合能力(Fe2+ chelating ability)較高；氯化鈉試驗中，綠豆芽鮮重分別與可溶性糖含量 (r=0.83***) 、總類黃酮含量 (r=0.84***) 、總酚類含量 (r=0.85***) 及DPPH自由基清除能力 (r=0.85***) 皆呈高度正相關，而總酚類與總類黃酮含量或可作為DPPH自由基清除能力及FRAP鐵離子氧化還原能力之參考指標。以0、10、25、50、75及100 mM葡萄糖溶液栽培綠豆芽，50 mM組之抗壞血酸及總類黃酮含量較高，100 mM組含有較多的可溶性固形物及可溶性蛋白質。綜之，VC1973A綠豆芽之鮮重、外觀及植化素含量皆優於以VC6089A及日正綠豆栽培之綠豆芽。故建議於全黑暗環境下，以種子密度7 g·cm-2、壓重400 g·51.84 cm-2、15 mM氯化鈉溶液及29˚C 16 h /23˚C 8 h，栽培VC1973A綠豆芽3天，可獲得總類黃酮 (0.38 mg·g-1DW) 及總酚類含量 (11.1 mg·g-1DW) 、亞鐵離子螯合能力 (84.8 % of 50 mg DW·mL-1) 、DPPH自由基清除能力 (54.1 % of 50 mg DW·mL-1)與FRAP鐵離子氧化還原能力 (150.9 µmol FeSO4·g-1DW) 最高、且產量 (54.5 g FW·51.84 cm-2) 亦佳之綠豆芽。

The study was carried out to investigate the presence of different phytochemicals as well as to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of green pear/european pear peels and yellow pear/asian pear peels. Phytochemical screening of the pear peels was carried out following standard protocols. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoid contents was determined by Aluminum Chloride Colorimetric method, measured using n-hexane, etil acetate, and methanol. Phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins are present in green pear and yellow pear peels. The total phenol and flavonoid contents are highest in methanol extracts in which green pear peels have a higher concentration than yellow pear peels. In conclusion, the green and yellow pear peels are rich in phenolic compounds and have great potential as natural antioxidants. Therefore, the results of this research should be considered to provide the possibility for future developments of highly functional antioxidants.

Sixty Brazilian honey samples were analysed for their total phenolic content with the Folin-Denis reagent, total flavonoid content by aluminium chloride method, and antioxidant activity by reaction with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. Colour was also classified according to visual analysis and Pfund scale. Linear relationships were observed between colour and flavonoid content, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents. The white-coloured Citrus honey showed the lowest antioxidant activity, while the light ambar Verbenaceae honey showed the highest total phenolics and antioxidant activity. Dark-coloured and polyfloral honeys, though less popularized among consumers, showed average to high antioxidant capacity.